{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:06:55Z","timestamp":1789189615266,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025M773293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M773293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025M773293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M773293"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the robust mechanical and chemical stability that make hollow flat-sheet ceramic membranes highly attractive for membrane bioreactors (MBRs), the fundamental relationship between their structural design, specifically pore size and structural symmetry, and biological fouling behavior remains elusive. To decouple the effects of membrane architecture on fouling mechanisms, a series of symmetric and asymmetric hollow flat-sheet alumina membranes were systematically engineered. Symmetric architectures with tunable pore sizes were fabricated by controlling aggregate particle sizes, whereas asymmetric counterparts featuring distinct separation layer thicknesses were developed via a tailored dip-coating process. Long-term operational evaluations treating municipal wastewater uncovered a counterintuitive phenomenon. Asymmetric membranes, despite yielding superior retention, experienced markedly accelerated transmembrane pressure evolution and severe cake layer fouling compared to the symmetric supports. Resistance-in-series analysis coupled with classical filtration models demonstrated that thicker separation layers and larger pore sizes were associated with shifts in the dominant fouling mechanism toward rapid and dense cake layer formation, which significantly exacerbated irreversible biological fouling. Furthermore, advanced spectroscopic and high-throughput sequencing techniques revealed that structurally complex asymmetric layers were associated with shifts in extracellular polymeric substances and specific fouling-associated bacterial phyla at the membrane interface. Ultimately, these findings underscore the necessity of architectural optimization to mitigate biofouling and prolong the operational lifespan of ceramic membranes, highlighting the sustainable advantages of symmetric structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes16090297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:54:19Z","timestamp":1789055659000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural Design of Ceramic Membranes to Mitigate Fouling in Membrane Bioreactors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Boyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Water Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCCC First Harbor Consultants Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300461, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300461, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121197","article-title":"Evaluation of virus removal in membrane bioreactor (MBR) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes based on long-term monitoring at two wastewater treatment plants","volume":"253","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.144322","article-title":"Anaerobic membrane bioreactor for the treatment of high-strength waste\/wastewater: A critical review and update","volume":"470","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. 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