{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:06:17Z","timestamp":1789477577909,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review treats selective ion separation in polymeric membrane systems as a design problem rather than as a fixed material property. To address the gap between laboratory performance and process-level relevance, a three-dimensional analytical framework that integrates transport mechanism, dynamic structural state, and separation-matrix complexity is proposed. Five research streams are compared: polymer inclusion membranes, ion-exchange membranes and electrodialysis, nanostructured and subnanometric frameworks, composite architectures, and polymer inclusion membrane \u2013 electrodialysis (PIM-ED) hybrids. The comparison shows that selectivity is governed not only by the nominal membrane mechanism, but also by hydration-driven structural changes and by the complexity of the operating matrix. Overall, the framework provides a common basis for interpreting selectivity, comparing membrane families, and guiding rational design for ion-separation processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes16090302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:57:34Z","timestamp":1789473454000},"page":"302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Three-Dimensional Framework for Rational Ion Separation with Polymeric Membrane Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"George","family":"Bess-Palacios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1022-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8944-1667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Alejandra","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1714-9189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Ivone","family":"Pi\u00f1\u00f3n-Balderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9208-945X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Alonso","family":"Orozco-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0434-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9rica Susana","family":"Mares-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7161-9095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anayansi","family":"Estrada-Monje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Innovaci\u00f3n Aplicada en Tecnolog\u00edas Competitivas, Omega No. 201, Industrial Delta, Le\u00f3n C.P. 37545, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erasto Armando","family":"Zaragoza-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.20200500","article-title":"Ion separations with membranes","volume":"58","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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