{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:12:58Z","timestamp":1789729978827,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]],"date-time":"2015-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs) play vital roles in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, survival, and consequently metabolism, as well as in the cellular response to stresses such as ionizing radiation or redox changes. In humans six family members are known to date, namely mammalian\/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia- and Rad3-related (ATR),  DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), suppressor of morphogenesis in genitalia-1 (SMG-1), and transformation\/transcription domain-associated protein (TRRAP). All fulfill rather diverse functions and most of them have been detected in different cellular compartments including various cellular membranes. It has been suggested that the regulation of the localization of signaling proteins allows for generating a locally specific output. Moreover, spatial partitioning is expected to improve the reliability of biochemical signaling. Since these assumptions may also be true for the regulation of PIKK function, the current knowledge about the regulation of the localization of PIKKs at different cellular (membrane) compartments by a network of interactions is reviewed. Membrane targeting can involve direct lipid-\/membrane interactions as well as interactions with membrane-anchored regulatory proteins, such as, for example, small GTPases, or a combination of both.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes5040553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]],"date-time":"2015-09-29T11:05:55Z","timestamp":1443524755000},"page":"553-575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Regulation of the Target of Rapamycin and Other Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Related Kinases by  Membrane Targeting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Maristella","family":"De Cicco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching 85747, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munirah","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching 85747, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Dames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching 85747, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, Ingolst\u00e4dter Landstr. 1,  Neuherberg 85764, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5233.50","article-title":"PIK-related kinases: DNA repair, recombination, and cell cycle checkpoints","volume":"270","author":"Keith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.281","article-title":"Emerging common themes in regulation of PIKKs and PI3Ks","volume":"28","author":"Lempiainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2009.04.006","article-title":"Common mechanisms of PIKK regulation","volume":"8","author":"Lovejoy","year":"2009","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.31482\/mmsl.2012.025","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase related kinases (PIKKs) in radiation-induced DNA damage","volume":"81","author":"Tichy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.017","article-title":"mTOR signaling in growth control and disease","volume":"149","author":"Laplante","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aramburu, J., Ortells, M.C., Tejedor, S., Buxade, M., and Lopez-Rodriguez, C. (2014). Transcriptional regulation of the stress response by mTOR. Sci. Signal, 7.","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2005326"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.10.015","article-title":"Cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid affects lipid raft composition and sensitizes human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells to X-radiation","volume":"1830","author":"Gradzka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2011.10.002","article-title":"The ATM protein kinase and cellular redox signaling: Beyond the DNA damage response","volume":"37","author":"Ditch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2010.09.005","article-title":"ATR: A master conductor of cellular responses to DNA replication stress","volume":"36","author":"Flynn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2011.04.005","article-title":"Emerging roles of DNA-PK besides DNA repair","volume":"23","author":"Kong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruger, A., and Ralser, M. (2011). ATM is a redox sensor linking genome stability and carbon metabolism. Sci. Signal, 4.","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2001959"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41152","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.158352","article-title":"Phosphorylation of p50 NF-kappaB at a single serine residue by DNA-dependent protein kinase is critical for VCAM-1 expression upon TNF treatment","volume":"285","author":"Ju","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22136","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301579200","article-title":"Novel localization of the DNA-PK complex in lipid rafts: A putative role in the signal transduction pathway of the ionizing radiation response","volume":"278","author":"Lucero","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-11-0592","article-title":"AKT promotes post-irradiation survival of human tumor cells through initiation, progression, and termination of DNA-PKcs-dependent DNA double-strand break repair","volume":"10","author":"Toulany","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res. MCR"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1201037","article-title":"Cellular localisation of the ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM) gene product and discrimination between mutated and normal forms","volume":"14","author":"Watters","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90593-2","article-title":"A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint pathway utilizing p53 and GADD45 is defective in ataxia-telangiectasia","volume":"71","author":"Kastan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7792600","article-title":"A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase","volume":"268","author":"Savitsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"194","article-title":"Clinical impact of ATR checkpoint signalling failure in humans","volume":"2","author":"Jeggo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1129","article-title":"A splicing mutation affecting expression of ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) results in seckel syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Woods","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"91","article-title":"A DNA-PKcs mutation in a radiosensitive T-B- SCID patient inhibits artemis activation and nonhomologous end-joining","volume":"119","author":"Ijspeert","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.1.69","article-title":"Characterization of ATM gene mutations in 66 ataxia telangiectasia families","volume":"8","author":"Sandoval","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5372","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0831102100","article-title":"Oligonucleotide microarrays demonstrate the highest frequency of atm mutations in the mantle cell subtype of lymphoma","volume":"100","author":"Fang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05610","article-title":"Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes","volume":"446","author":"Greenman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07423","article-title":"Somatic mutations affect key pathways in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"455","author":"Ding","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32506","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.479840","article-title":"Inhibition of snail1-DNA-PKcs protein-protein interface sensitizes cancer cells and inhibits tumor metastasis","volume":"288","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.01.016","article-title":"TOR signaling in growth and metabolism","volume":"124","author":"Wullschleger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11869","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220898110","article-title":"The mTOR pathway negatively controls atm by up-regulating miRNAs","volume":"110","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913860107","article-title":"ATM signals to TSC2 in the cytoplasm to regulate mTORC1 in response to ROS","volume":"107","author":"Alexander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.10.030","article-title":"mTORC1 signaling under hypoxic conditions is controlled by ATM-dependent phosphorylation of HIF-1alpha","volume":"40","author":"Cam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00636-6","article-title":"Two TOR complexes, only one of which is rapamycin sensitive, have distinct roles in cell growth control","volume":"10","author":"Loewith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1018","article-title":"TOR signalling in bugs, brain and brawn","volume":"4","author":"Jacinto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soulard, A., and Hall, M.N. (2007). Snapshot: mTOR signaling. Cell, 129.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.04.010"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.04.002","article-title":"mTOR complex1-S6K1 signaling: At the crossroads of obesity, diabetes and cancer","volume":"13","author":"Dann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.14.12180","article-title":"mTORC1 signaling in parkinson\u2019s disease and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: A sensitized matter","volume":"9","author":"Santini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2005.03.004","article-title":"mTOR\u2014Beyond transplantation","volume":"5","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9412","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1511144112","article-title":"Targeting of mTOR catalytic site inhibits multiple steps of the HIV-1 lifecycle and suppresses HIV-1 viremia in humanized mice","volume":"112","author":"Heredia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.05.007","article-title":"Amino acids and mtorc1: From lysosomes to disease","volume":"18","author":"Efeyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-08-446096","article-title":"Combined inhibition of PI3K-related DNA damage response kinases and mTORC1 induces apoptosis in MYC-driven B-cell lymphomas","volume":"121","author":"Shortt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2012.12.005","article-title":"mTOR in aging, metabolism, and cancer","volume":"23","author":"Cornu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masse, I., Molin, L., Mouchiroud, L., Vanhems, P., Palladino, F., Billaud, M., and Solari, F. (2008). A novel role for the SMG-1 kinase in lifespan and oxidative stress resistance in caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003354"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13174","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M708008200","article-title":"A protective role for the human SMG-1 kinase against tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis","volume":"283","author":"Oliveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7799","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M610159200","article-title":"Distant N- and C-terminal domains are required for intrinsic kinase activity of SMG-1, a critical component of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay","volume":"282","author":"Morita","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.12.095","article-title":"TRRAP as a hepatic coactivator of LXR and FXR function","volume":"327","author":"Unno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.4.3.1546","article-title":"Rendez-vous at Mitosis: TRRAPed in the chromatin","volume":"4","author":"Herceg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.26.2.402-412.2006","article-title":"The transcriptional histone acetyltransferase cofactor TRRAP associates with the MRN repair complex and plays a role in DNA double-strand break repair","volume":"26","author":"Robert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(00)01563-2","article-title":"FAT: A novel domain in PIK-related kinases","volume":"25","author":"Bosotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00033-3","article-title":"The ATRs, ATMs, and TORs are giant HEAT repeat proteins","volume":"112","author":"Perry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-440X(99)80052-9","article-title":"Topological characteristics of helical repeat proteins","volume":"9","author":"Groves","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2010.01.002","article-title":"Insights into the domain and repeat architecture of target of rapamycin","volume":"170","author":"Knutson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12122","article-title":"mTOR kinase structure, mechanism and regulation","volume":"497","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2014.11.003","article-title":"PIKKs-the solenoid nest where partners and kinases meet","volume":"29","author":"Baretic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1666208","article-title":"TopBP1 activates ATR through ATRIP and a PIKK regulatory domain","volume":"22","author":"Mordes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2443.2000.00365.x","article-title":"Carboxyl-terminal region conserved among phosphoinositide-kinase-related kinases is indispensable for mTOR function in vivo and in vitro","volume":"5","author":"Takahashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-010-0313-3","article-title":"Mutational analysis of the C-terminal FATC domain of saccharomyces cerevisiae Tra1","volume":"56","author":"Hoke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15741","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M513172200","article-title":"The FATC domains of PIKK proteins are functionally equivalent and participate in the Tip60-dependent activation of DNA-PKcs and ATM","volume":"281","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8502","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01382-07","article-title":"DNA damage-induced acetylation of lysine 3016 of ATM activates ATM kinase activity","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20046","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.467233","article-title":"NMR- and circular dichroism-monitored lipid binding studies suggest a general role for the fatc domain as membrane anchor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKK)","volume":"288","author":"Sommer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/15.4.305","article-title":"ESPript: Analysis of multiple sequence alignments in POSTScript","volume":"15","author":"Gouet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5272.239","article-title":"Structure of the FKBP12-rapamycin complex interacting with the binding domain of human FRAP","volume":"273","author":"Choi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20558","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M501116200","article-title":"The solution structure of the FATC domain of the protein kinase target of rapamycin suggests a role for redox-dependent structural and cellular stability","volume":"280","author":"Dames","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7766","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.058404","article-title":"Structural basis for the association of the redox-sensitive target of rapamycin FATC domain with membrane-mimetic micelles","volume":"285","author":"Dames","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berman, H., Henrick, K., and Nakamura, H. (2003). Announcing the worldwide protein data bank. Nat. Struct. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb1203-980"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-7855(96)00009-4","article-title":"MOLMOL: A program for display and analysis of macromolecular structures","volume":"14","author":"Koradi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mol. Graph."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2012.02.005","article-title":"Membrane clustering and the role of rebinding in biochemical signaling","volume":"102","author":"Mugler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5927","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218301110","article-title":"Spatial partitioning improves the reliability of biochemical signaling","volume":"110","author":"Mugler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-10-1001","article-title":"TORC2 plasma membrane localization is essential for cell viability and restricted to a distinct domain","volume":"20","author":"Berchtold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305912200","article-title":"FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein or mammalian target of rapamycin (FRAP\/mTOR) localization in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus","volume":"279","author":"Drenan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37011","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007296200","article-title":"HEAT repeats mediate plasma membrane localization of Tor2p in yeast","volume":"275","author":"Kunz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28127","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M202625200","article-title":"Predominant nuclear localization of mammalian target of rapamycin in normal and malignant cells in culture","volume":"277","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.014","article-title":"Activation of mTORC2 by association with the ribosome","volume":"144","author":"Zinzalla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e06-05-0406","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi localization sequences for mammalian target of rapamycin","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3939","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.271","article-title":"mTORC2 can associate with ribosomes to promote cotranslational phosphorylation and stability of nascent Akt polypeptide","volume":"29","author":"Oh","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27643","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603536200","article-title":"The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates mitochondrial oxygen consumption and oxidative capacity","volume":"281","author":"Schieke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1157535","article-title":"The Rag GTPases bind raptor and mediate amino acid signaling to mTORC1","volume":"320","author":"Sancak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1753","article-title":"Regulation of TORC1 by Rag GTPases in nutrient response","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000050111497","article-title":"Defective radiation signal transduction in ataxia-telangiectasia cells","volume":"76","author":"Yan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10253","DOI":"10.1021\/ja972098w","article-title":"Structural basis for peptidomimicry by the effector element of rapamycin","volume":"119","author":"Odagaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210693","article-title":"Structural characterization of the interaction of mtor with phosphatidic acid and a novel class of inhibitor: Compelling evidence for a central role of the FRB domain in small molecule-mediated regulation of mTOR","volume":"27","author":"Veverka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10294","DOI":"10.1021\/bi060976+","article-title":"The FRB domain of mTOR: NMR solution structure and inhibitor design","volume":"45","author":"Leone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00678-12","article-title":"Large FK506-binding proteins shape the pharmacology of rapamycin","volume":"33","author":"Marz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201306041","article-title":"Where is mTOR and what is it doing there?","volume":"203","author":"Betz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb996","article-title":"Rheb promotes cell growth as a component of the insulin\/TOR signalling network","volume":"5","author":"Saucedo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(03)00220-X","article-title":"Insulin activation of Rheb, a mediator of mTOR\/S6K\/4E-BP signaling, is inhibited by TSC1 and 2","volume":"11","author":"Garami","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.07.054","article-title":"Analysis of mTOR signaling by the small G-proteins, Rheb and RhebL1","volume":"579","author":"Tee","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.02.053","article-title":"Rheb binds and regulates the mTOR kinase","volume":"15","author":"Long","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1110003","article-title":"Rheb GTPase is a direct target of TSC2 GAP activity and regulates mTOR signaling","volume":"17","author":"Inoki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.06.009","article-title":"TBC1D7 is a third subunit of the TSC1-TSC2 complex upstream of mTORC1","volume":"47","author":"Dibble","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.03.220","article-title":"Localization of Rheb to the endomembrane is critical for its signaling function","volume":"344","author":"Buerger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.09.008","article-title":"Rab1A is an mTORC1 activator and a colorectal oncogene","volume":"26","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e02-11-0707","article-title":"Dual prenylation is required for Rab protein localization and function","volume":"14","author":"Calero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e02-10-0639","article-title":"Membrane targeting of Rab GTPases is influenced by the prenylation motif","volume":"14","author":"Gomes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5466","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509694103","article-title":"The mTOR pathway is regulated by polycystin-1, and its inhibition reverses renal cystogenesis in polycystic kidney disease","volume":"103","author":"Shillingford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147379","article-title":"Rheb activates mTOR by antagonizing its endogenous inhibitor, FKBP38","volume":"318","author":"Bai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30482","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M803348200","article-title":"Re-evaluating the roles of proposed modulators of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling","volume":"283","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.02.015","article-title":"Reassessment of the role of FKBP38 in the Rheb\/mTORC1 pathway","volume":"583","author":"Uhlenbrock","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8621","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.092353","article-title":"Rheb GTPase controls apoptosis by regulating interaction of FKBP38 with Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL","volume":"285","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28824","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.505370","article-title":"Regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 by Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL proteins","volume":"288","author":"Zou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2013.01.004","article-title":"Nutrient signaling to mTOR and cell growth","volume":"38","author":"Jewell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.06.002","article-title":"Regulation of mTORC1 by PI3K signaling","volume":"25","author":"Dibble","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7246","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M004389200","article-title":"Novel G proteins, Rag C and Rag D, interact with GTP-binding proteins, Rag A and Rag B","volume":"276","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.024","article-title":"Ragulator-Rag complex targets mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface and is necessary for its activation by amino acids","volume":"141","author":"Sancak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2011.257","article-title":"Regulation of TOR by small GTPases","volume":"13","author":"Duran","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25477","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.249631","article-title":"Phospholipase D mediates nutrient input to mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)","volume":"286","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.12.004","article-title":"Ral and Rheb GTPase activating proteins integrate mTOR and GTPase signaling in aging, autophagy, and tumor cell invasion","volume":"53","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8003","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00057-07","article-title":"Geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitors target RalB to inhibit anchorage-dependent growth and induce apoptosis and RalA to inhibit anchorage-independent growth","volume":"27","author":"Falsetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2011.03.017","article-title":"Rac1 regulates the activity of mTORC1 and mTORC2 and controls cellular size","volume":"42","author":"Saci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20913","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.334060","article-title":"Rab5 proteins regulate activation and localization of target of rapamycin complex 1","volume":"287","author":"Bridges","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.10.026","article-title":"Rab-family GTPase regulates TOR complex 2 signaling in fission yeast","volume":"20","author":"Tatebe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.2127","article-title":"A fast and simple method for probing the interaction of peptides and proteins with lipids and membrane-mimetics using GB1 fusion proteins and NMR spectroscopy","volume":"21","author":"Sommer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2014.03.031","article-title":"Characterization of residue-dependent differences in the peripheral membrane association of the FATC domain of the kinase \u201ctarget of rapamycin\u201d by NMR and CD spectroscopy","volume":"588","author":"Sommer","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1021\/jp501533d","article-title":"Characterization of the immersion properties of the peripheral membrane anchor of the FATC domain of the kinase \u201ctarget of rapamycin\u201d by nmr, oriented CD spectroscopy, and MD simulations","volume":"118","author":"Sommer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7416","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.10.7416","article-title":"FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein (FRAP) autophosphorylates at serine 2481 under translationally repressive conditions","volume":"275","author":"Peterson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066015","article-title":"Phosphatidic acid-mediated mitogenic activation of mTOR signaling","volume":"294","author":"Fang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6064","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200296t","article-title":"Phospholipase D: Enzymology, functionality, and chemical modulation","volume":"111","author":"Selvy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2006.05.021","article-title":"PLD2 forms a functional complex with mTOR\/raptor to transduce mitogenic signals","volume":"18","author":"Ha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2009.02.009","article-title":"Phosphatidic acid signaling to mTOR: Signals for the survival of human cancer cells","volume":"1791","author":"Foster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8286","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712268105","article-title":"Phospholipase d1 is an effector of Rheb in the mTOR pathway","volume":"105","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110730109","article-title":"Glycerolipid signals alter mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) to diminish insulin signaling","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4909","DOI":"10.1021\/bi3002133","article-title":"The FKBP-rapamycin binding domain of human TOR undergoes strong conformational changes in the presence of membrane mimetics with and without the regulator phosphatidic acid","volume":"51","author":"Link","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00782-08","article-title":"Regulation of mTORC1 and mTORC2 complex assembly by phosphatidic acid: Competition with rapamycin","volume":"29","author":"Toschi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.08.001","article-title":"mSin1 is necessary for Akt\/PKB phosphorylation, and its isoforms define three distinct mTORC2s","volume":"16","author":"Frias","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1784","article-title":"How proteins produce cellular membrane curvature","volume":"7","author":"Zimmerberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0731com","article-title":"Role of phospholipase D1 in the regulation of mTOR activity by lysophosphatidic acid","volume":"18","author":"Kam","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00361-07","article-title":"Target of rapamycin and LST8 proteins associate with membranes from the endoplasmic reticulum in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","volume":"7","author":"Florencio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.03.045","article-title":"Characterization of PROPPIN-phosphoinositide binding and role of loop 6CD in PROPPIN-membrane binding","volume":"108","author":"Busse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.04.031","article-title":"Molecular basis of the rapamycin insensitivity of target of rapamycin complex 2","volume":"58","author":"Gaubitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2480","article-title":"Plasma membrane stress induces relocalization of Slm proteins and activation of TORC2 to promote sphingolipid synthesis","volume":"14","author":"Berchtold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e04-07-0564","article-title":"The pleckstrin homology domain proteins Slm1 and Slm2 are required for actin cytoskeleton organization in yeast and bind phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate and TORC2","volume":"16","author":"Fadri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.09.010","article-title":"Syndecan-4 regulates subcellular localization of mTOR Complex2 and Akt activation in a PKCalpha-dependent manner in endothelial cells","volume":"32","author":"Partovian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15871","DOI":"10.1021\/bi991363i","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate mediates the interaction of syndecan-4 with protein kinase C","volume":"38","author":"Horowitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5417.1161","article-title":"Interaction of RAFT1 with gephyrin required for rapamycin-sensitive signaling","volume":"284","author":"Sabatini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.5.1087","article-title":"Functional interaction between RAFT1\/FRAP\/mTOR and protein kinase cdelta in the regulation of cap-dependent initiation of translation","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33637","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301053200","article-title":"Stimulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1)-dependent gene transcription by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma is regulated by mammalian target of rapamycin","volume":"278","author":"Kristof","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6719","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.18.11.6719","article-title":"Inactivation of DNA-dependent protein kinase by protein kinase Cdelta: Implications for apoptosis","volume":"18","author":"Bharti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"465","article-title":"Targeting of protein kinase C delta to mitochondria in the oxidative stress response","volume":"12","author":"Majumder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34277","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.48.34277","article-title":"Localization of a portion of extranuclear ATM to peroxisomes","volume":"274","author":"Watters","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.12.139","article-title":"Mitochondria are required for ATM activation by extranuclear oxidative stress in cultured human hepatoblastoma cell line Hep G2 cells","volume":"443","author":"Morita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2005.10.017","article-title":"CKIP-1 recruits nuclear ATM partially to the plasma membrane through interaction with ATM","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13182","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504211102","article-title":"A role for the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase in the acetylation and activation of ATM","volume":"102","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9910","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.22.9910-9919.2005","article-title":"Protein phosphatase 5 is required for ATR-mediated checkpoint activation","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3872","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.088427","article-title":"Activated Rac1 GTPase translocates protein phosphatase 5 to the cell membrane and stimulates phosphatase activity in vitro","volume":"285","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.103.026617","article-title":"The subcellular localization of plant protein phosphatase 5 isoforms is determined by alternative splicing","volume":"133","author":"Vossen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.914401","article-title":"Cell cycle checkpoint signaling through the ATM and ATR kinases","volume":"15","author":"Abraham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2822","article-title":"A tuberous sclerosis complex signalling node at the peroxisome regulates mTORC1 and autophagy in response to ROS","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201591481","article-title":"ER-endosome contact sites: Molecular compositions and functions","volume":"34","author":"Raiborg","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"2795","article-title":"Analysis of ER-mitochondria contacts using correlative fluorescence microscopy and soft X-ray tomography of mammalian cells","volume":"128","author":"Elgass","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.05.001","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of inter-organelle ER-PM contact sites","volume":"35","author":"Henne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.04.001","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex membrane contact sites","volume":"35","author":"Rega","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.089110","article-title":"Protein localization in disease and therapy","volume":"124","author":"Hung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."}],"container-title":["Membranes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/5\/4\/553\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:49:27Z","timestamp":1760215767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/5\/4\/553"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["membranes5040553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes5040553","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]]}}}