{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T05:50:19Z","timestamp":1780725019645,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/15\/B\/ST5\/02185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/15\/B\/ST5\/02185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several types of liquid membrane and solid-state reference electrodes based on different plastics were fabricated. In the membranes studied, equitransferent organic (QB) and inorganic salts (KCl) are dispersed in polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), urea-formaldehyde resin (UF), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), as well as remelted KCl in order to show the matrix impact on the reference membranes\u2019 behavior. The comparison of potentiometic performance was made using specially designed standardized testing protocols. A problem in the reference electrode research and literature has been a lack of standardized testing, which leads to difficulties in comparing different types, qualities, and properties of reference electrodes. Herein, several protocols were developed to test the electrodes\u2019 performance with respect to stability over time, pH sensitivity, ionic strength, and various ionic species. All of the prepared reference electrodes performed well in at least some respect and would be suitable for certain applications as described in the text. Most of the reference types, however, demonstrated some weakness that had not been previously highlighted in the literature, due in large part to the lack of exhaustive and\/or consistent testing protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes9120161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T10:58:21Z","timestamp":1575025101000},"page":"161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Reference Electrodes with Polymer-Based Membranes\u2014Comprehensive Performance Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Lingenfelter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), \u00c5bo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, FI-20500 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Bartoszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Migdalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Sokalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), \u00c5bo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, FI-20500 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miros\u0142aw M.","family":"Bu\u0107ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Filipek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3644-7296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Lewenstam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), \u00c5bo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, FI-20500 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201400061","article-title":"Routines and Challenges in Clinical Application of Electrochemical Ion-Sensors","volume":"26","author":"Lewenstam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inzelt, G., Lewenstam, A., and Scholz, F. (2013). Direct solid contact in reference electrodes. Handbook of Reference Electrodes, Springer-Verlag. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36188-3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1950259","article-title":"A common source of error in pH measurement","volume":"195","author":"Illingworth","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem. 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