{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:36:43Z","timestamp":1763037403288,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,28]],"date-time":"2019-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is associated with brain mitochondrial dysfunction. High-energy phosphates (HEPs), which rely on mitochondrial functioning, may be considered potential biomarkers for PD. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) is a suitable tool to explore in vivo cerebral energetics. We considered 10 31P-MRS studies in order to highlight the main findings about brain energetic compounds in patients affected by idiopathic PD and genetic PD. The studies investigated several brain areas such as frontal lobes, occipital lobes, temporoparietal cortex, visual cortex, midbrain, and basal ganglia. Resting-state studies reported contrasting results showing decreased as well as normal or increased HEPs levels in PD patients. Functional studies revealed abnormal PCr + \u03b2ATP levels in PD subjects during the recovery phase and abnormal values at rest, during activation and recovery in one PD subject with PINK1 gene mutation suggesting that mitochondrial machinery is more impaired in PD patients with PINK1 gene mutation. PD is characterized by energetics impairment both in idiopathic PD as well as in genetic PD, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction underlies the disease. Studies are still sparse and sometimes contrasting, maybe due to different methodological approaches. Further studies are needed to better assess the role of mitochondria in the PD development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T05:49:41Z","timestamp":1577684981000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["In Vivo Mitochondrial Function in Idiopathic and Genetic Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Dossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Excellence Center for advanced MR techniques and Neurology unit, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Via Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Squarcina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Excellence Center for advanced MR techniques and Neurology unit, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Via Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7096-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Rango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Excellence Center for advanced MR techniques and Neurology unit, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Via Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2015.244","article-title":"Early-onset vs. Late-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease: A Clinical-pathological Study","volume":"43","author":"Ferguson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. 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