{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:03:09Z","timestamp":1788436989889,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is caused by partial or complete obstruction of the upper airways. Corrective surgeries aim at removing obstructions in the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. OSA is associated with an increased risk of various metabolic diseases. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of surgery on the plasma metabolome. Methods: This study included 39 OSA patients who underwent Multilevel Sleep Surgery (MLS). Clinical and anthropometric measures were taken at baseline and five months after surgery. Results: The mean Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) significantly dropped from 22.0 \u00b1 18.5 events\/hour to 8.97 \u00b1 9.57 events\/hour (p-Value &lt; 0.001). Epworth\u2019s sleepiness Score (ESS) dropped from 12.8 \u00b1 6.23 to 2.95 \u00b1 2.40 (p-Value &lt; 0.001), indicating the success of the surgery in treating OSA. Plasma levels of metabolites, phosphocholines (PC) PC.41.5, PC.42.3, ceremide (Cer) Cer.44.0, and triglyceride (TG) TG.53.6, TG.55.6 and TG.56.8 were decreased (p-Value &lt; 0.05), whereas lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) 20.0 and PC.39.3 were increased (p-Value &lt; 0.05) after surgery. Conclusion: This study highlights the success of MLS in treating OSA. Treatment of OSA resulted in an improvement of the metabolic status that was characterized by decreased TG, PCs, and Cer metabolites after surgery, indicating that the success of the surgery positively impacted the metabolic status of these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10090358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T08:53:43Z","timestamp":1598950423000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Targeted Metabolomics Analysis on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients after Multilevel Sleep Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Abdulmohsen","family":"Alterki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Zain and Al Sabah Hospitals and Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibu","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Service Facility Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thangavel Alphonse","family":"Thanaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Al-Khairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preethi","family":"Cherian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arshad","family":"Channanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6401-133X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devarajan","family":"Sriraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Service Facility Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud A. K.","family":"Ebrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Zain and Al Sabah Hospitals and Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaaeldin","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Zain and Al Sabah Hospitals and Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Tiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5409-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahd","family":"Al-Mulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Service Facility Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9527-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anas M. Abdel","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jehad","family":"Abubaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8357-1252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abu-Farha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15015","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.15","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2013.830213","article-title":"Elevated risk of sleepiness-related motor vehicle accidents in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: A case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Basoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2014.12.002","article-title":"Workplace accidents, absenteeism and productivity in patients with sleep apnea","volume":"51","author":"Guglielmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2020.02.003","article-title":"Surgical and Nonsurgical Weight Loss for Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"53","author":"Saunders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3514","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2020.02.002","article-title":"The Nose and Nasal Breathing in Sleep Apnea","volume":"53","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.02.003","article-title":"Role of surgery in adult obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"18","author":"Kotecha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-008-1813-z","article-title":"Update on surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Verse","year":"2008","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0b013e318223bd08","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease","volume":"19","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201312-2209OC","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and incident diabetes. A historical cohort study","volume":"190","author":"Kendzerska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-15-S2-152","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Rasche","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2174\/156652409787581556","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea as an independent stroke risk factor: Possible mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Godoy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273312","article-title":"Adipose tissue inflammation by intermittent hypoxia: Mechanistic link between obstructive sleep apnoea and metabolic dysfunction","volume":"595","author":"Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-895","article-title":"Oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Passali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"69","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: A new paradigm by chronic nocturnal intermittent hypoxia and sleep disruption","volume":"35","author":"Toraldo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(12)70051-6","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and cardiovascular disease","volume":"1","author":"Barbe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.02081.x","article-title":"Obesity, obstructive sleep apnoea and metabolic syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00048610","article-title":"Increased upper airway cytokines and oxidative stress in severe obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"38","author":"Kimoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61622-0","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and its cardiovascular consequences","volume":"373","author":"Bradley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-014-1082-x","article-title":"Beneficial effect of continuous positive airway pressure on lipid profiles in obstructive sleep apnea: A meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M034272","article-title":"Effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on triglyceride uptake in different tissues","volume":"54","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E377","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00641.2011","article-title":"Acute hypoxia induces hypertriglyceridemia by decreasing plasma triglyceride clearance in mice","volume":"303","author":"Jun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr097","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia inhibits clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and inactivates adipose lipoprotein lipase in a mouse model of sleep apnoea","volume":"33","author":"Drager","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00651","article-title":"Increased Level of Angiopoietin Like Proteins 4 and 8 in People with Sleep Apnea","volume":"9","author":"AlKhairi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M075689","article-title":"ANGPTL8 requires ANGPTL3 to inhibit lipoprotein lipase and plasma triglyceride clearance","volume":"58","author":"Haller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D071787","article-title":"Lipoprotein lipase activity and interactions studied in human plasma by isothermal titration calorimetry","volume":"58","author":"Reimund","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150272","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.150272","article-title":"The ANGPTL3-4-8 model, a molecular mechanism for triglyceride trafficking","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3233\/NHA-180043","article-title":"Metabolism of sleep and aging: Bridging the gap using metabolomics","volume":"5","author":"Sengupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Healthy Aging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201300081","article-title":"Fingerprinting-based metabolomic approach with LC-MS to sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome: A pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Ferrarini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21548","article-title":"Metabolomics toward personalized medicine","volume":"38","author":"Jacob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diallo, I., and Pak, V.M. (2020). Metabolomics, sleepiness, and sleep duration in sleep apnea. Sleep Breath, 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-019-01969-2"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7336","article-title":"Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea is Associated With Changes in the Oral Microbiome and Urinary Metabolomics Profile: A Pilot Study","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30958","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30958","article-title":"Metabolomics Profiling for Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Simple Snorers","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13610","article-title":"Quantitative profiling of cytokines and chemokines in DOCK8-deficient and atopic dermatitis patients","volume":"74","author":"Jacob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahabiyeh, L.A., Malkawi, A.K., Wang, X., Colak, D., Mujamammi, A.H., Sabi, E.M., Li, L., Dasouki, M., and Abdel Rahman, A.M. (2020). Dexamethasone-Induced Perturbations in Tissue Metabolomics Revealed by Chemical Isotope Labeling LC-MS analysis. Metabolites, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10020042"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ota, H., Fujita, Y., Yamauchi, M., Muro, S., Kimura, H., and Takasawa, S. (2019). Relationship Between Intermittent Hypoxia and Type 2 Diabetes in Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194756"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2004","article-title":"Risk of Incident Obstructive Sleep Apnea Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Subramanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164117714397","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea in diabetes: Does it matter?","volume":"14","author":"Tahrani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3283659da5","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and diabetes: An update","volume":"19","author":"Tahrani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(89)90083-4","article-title":"Rapid identification of Salmonella from poultry meat products by using \u2018Mucap Test\u2019","volume":"8","author":"Humbert","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12817","article-title":"Effect of obstructive sleep apnoea on diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Leong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhyas, L., McKay, A., and Majeed, A. (2012). Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the States of the co-operation council for the Arab States of the Gulf: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040948"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319709333226","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome among adult Kuwaitis: Results from community-based national survey","volume":"61","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S127816","article-title":"The effect of tonsillectomy on obstructive sleep apnea: An overview of systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Reckley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsy236","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy236","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and dyslipidemia: From animal models to clinical evidence","volume":"42","author":"Barros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v9.i4.66","article-title":"Correlation between metabolic syndrome and sleep apnea","volume":"9","author":"Castaneda","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7816","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6868","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 upregulation of both VEGF and ANGPTL4 is required to promote the angiogenic phenotype in uveal melanoma","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2919","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2919","article-title":"ANGPTL8 (betatrophin) role in diabetes and metabolic diseases","volume":"33","author":"Abubaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3283544956","article-title":"Determinants of VLDL-triglycerides production","volume":"23","author":"Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10949","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10949","article-title":"Higher plasma betatrophin\/ANGPTL8 level in Type 2 Diabetes subjects does not correlate with blood glucose or insulin resistance","volume":"5","author":"Abubaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R63","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-4-r63","article-title":"Cross-enhancement of ANGPTL4 transcription by HIF1 alpha and PPAR beta\/delta is the result of the conformational proximity of two response elements","volume":"15","author":"Inoue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2011.365","article-title":"HIF-1-dependent expression of angiopoietin-like 4 and L1CAM mediates vascular metastasis of hypoxic breast cancer cells to the lungs","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"4648","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor regulates osteoclast-mediated bone resorption: Role of angiopoietin-like 4","volume":"24","author":"Knowles","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1688OC","article-title":"Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis via activation of adipose angiopoietin-like 4","volume":"188","author":"Drager","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M083436","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and effects of continuous positive airway pressure on triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism","volume":"59","author":"Drager","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1039\/C8OB00424B","article-title":"Synthesis and aggregation behaviour of single-chain, 1,32-alkyl branched bis(phosphocholines): Effect of lateral chain length","volume":"16","author":"Gruhle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5300","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200601866","article-title":"General synthesis and aggregation behaviour of a series of single-chain 1,omega-bis(phosphocholines)","volume":"13","author":"Drescher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0170274","article-title":"Phospholipase A2 inhibitors: Monoacyl, monoacylamino-glycero-phosphocholines","volume":"17","author":"Dijkman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29727-6","article-title":"Metabolomic and lipidomic profile in men with obstructive sleep apnoea: Implications for diagnosis and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk","volume":"8","author":"Lebkuchen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kheirandish-Gozal, L., Philby, M.F., Qiao, Z., Khalyfa, A., and Gozal, D. (2017). Endothelial Dysfunction in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is Associated With Elevated Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Plasma Activity Levels. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 6.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004923"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310789","article-title":"Improvement of myocardial infarction risk prediction via inflammation-associated metabolite biomarkers","volume":"103","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abubaker, J., Tiss, A., Abu-Farha, M., Al-Ghimlas, F., Al-Khairi, I., Baturcam, E., Cherian, P., Elkum, N., Hammad, M., and John, J. (2013). DNAJB3\/HSP-40 cochaperone is downregulated in obese humans and is restored by physical exercise. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069217"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14448","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14448","article-title":"DNAJB3\/HSP-40 cochaperone improves insulin signaling and enhances glucose uptake in vitro through JNK repression","volume":"5","author":"Cherian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/10\/9\/358\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:05:21Z","timestamp":1760177121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/10\/9\/358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo10090358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo10090358","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202007.0327.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}}}