{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:09:46Z","timestamp":1791234586529,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tumor microenvironment is crucial for the growth of cancer cells, triggering particular biochemical and physiological changes, which frequently influence the outcome of anticancer therapies. The biochemical rationale behind many of these phenomena resides in the activation of transcription factors such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and 2 (HIF-1\/2). In turn, the HIF pathway activates a number of genes including those involved in glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, and pH regulation. Several carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, such as CA IX and XII, actively participate in these processes and were validated as antitumor\/antimetastatic drug targets. Here, we review the field of CA inhibitors (CAIs), which selectively inhibit the cancer-associated CA isoforms. Particular focus was on the identification of lead compounds and various inhibitor classes, and the measurement of CA inhibitory on-\/off-target effects. In addition, the preclinical data that resulted in the identification of SLC-0111, a sulfonamide in Phase Ib\/II clinical trials for the treatment of hypoxic, advanced solid tumors, are detailed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10100412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T05:45:51Z","timestamp":1602913551000},"page":"412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":181,"title":["Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Targeting Metabolism and Tumor Microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1470-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Angeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1141-6146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Carta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3342-702X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Nocentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3197-3414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Yves","family":"Winum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBMM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34296 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raivis","family":"Zalubovskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, 1006 Riga, Latvia, Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, 3\/7 Paula Valdena Str., 1048 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8416-0471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atilla","family":"Akdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer-aided Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul 34093, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2438-725X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Onnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. n\u00b0 8, Km 0.700, I-09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6996-4017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wagdy M.","family":"Eldehna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3314-2411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemente","family":"Capasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources\u2014National Research Council, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina De","family":"Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages\u2014National Research Council, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9647-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona Maria","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages\u2014National Research Council, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8698-9440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Carradori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6622-8193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William A.","family":"Donald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, 1466 Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoukat","family":"Dedhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4262-0323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudiu T.","family":"Supuran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Supuran, C.T., and Carradori, S. 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