{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T23:42:07Z","timestamp":1790466127952,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH111413, R01 CA240953, R01 NS118330, U01 EB026978, P41 EB027061, P30 NS076408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH111413, R01 CA240953, R01 NS118330, U01 EB026978, P41 EB027061, P30 NS076408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007249","name":"University of Minnesota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Academic Health Center Faculty Research Development Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Academic Health Center Faculty Research Development Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007249","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016868","name":"University of Minnesota Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abnormal energy metabolism associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be a major contributor to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Recent advancements in the field of magnetic resonance (MR) based metabolic imaging provide state-of-the-art technologies for non-invasively probing cerebral energy metabolism under various brain conditions. In this proof-of-principle clinical study, we employed quantitative 31P MR spectroscopy (MRS) imaging techniques to determine a constellation of metabolic and bioenergetic parameters, including cerebral adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and other phosphorous metabolite concentrations, intracellular pH and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) redox ratio, and ATP production rates in the occipital lobe of cognitive-normal PD patients, and then we compared them with age-sex matched healthy controls. Small but statistically significant differences in intracellular pH, NAD and ATP contents and ATPase enzyme activity between the two groups were detected, suggesting that subtle defects in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function are quantifiable before regional neurological deficits or pathogenesis begin to occur in these patients. Pilot data aiming to evaluate the bioenergetic effect of mitochondrial-protective bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) were also obtained. These results collectively demonstrated that in vivo 31P MRS-based neuroimaging can non-invasively and quantitatively assess key metabolic-energetic metrics in the human brain. This provides an exciting opportunity to better understand neurodegenerative diseases, their progression and response to treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11030145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T10:25:18Z","timestamp":1614594318000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Quantitative Assessment of Occipital Metabolic and Energetic Changes in Parkinson\u2019s Patients, Using In Vivo 31P MRS-Based Metabolic Imaging at 7T"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Hong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1928-0455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeong-Yeul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1413-7924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Tuite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Coles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7348-4208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek G.","family":"Sathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9703-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3607-6619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jim","family":"Cloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9703-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter C.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clifford J.","family":"Steer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5310.196","article-title":"What makes brain neurons run","volume":"276","author":"Barinaga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"ATP and Brain Function","volume":"9","author":"Silver","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. 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