{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:19:14Z","timestamp":1777508354402,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ILLU-698-331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ILLU-698-331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005302","name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Office of international Programs-Conrad Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Office of international Programs-Conrad Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010548","name":"National Center for Supercomputing Applications","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Faculty Fellows"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Faculty Fellows"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010548","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"TUBITAK","award":["2219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2219"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronary microvascular disease (CMD) is a common form of heart disease in postmenopausal women. It is not due to plaque formation but dysfunction of microvessels that feed the heart muscle. The majority of the patients do not receive a proper diagnosis, are discharged prematurely and must go back to the hospital with persistent symptoms. Because of the lack of diagnostic biomarkers, in the current study, we focused on identifying novel circulating biomarkers of CMV that could potentially be used for developing a diagnostic test. We hypothesized that plasma metabolite composition is different for postmenopausal women with no heart disease, CAD, or CMD. A total of 70 postmenopausal women, 26 healthy individuals, 23 individuals with CMD and 21 individuals with CAD were recruited. Their full health screening and tests were completed. Basic cardiac examination, including detailed clinical history, additional disease and prescribed drugs, were noted. Electrocardiograph, transthoracic echocardiography and laboratory analysis were also obtained. Additionally, we performed full metabolite profiling of plasma samples from these individuals using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) analysis, identified and classified circulating biomarkers using machine learning approaches. Stearic acid and ornithine levels were significantly higher in postmenopausal women with CMD. In contrast, valine levels were higher for women with CAD. Our research identified potential circulating plasma biomarkers of this debilitating heart disease in postmenopausal women, which will have a clinical impact on diagnostic test design in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11060339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T13:14:21Z","timestamp":1621948461000},"page":"339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identification of Circulating Diagnostic Biomarkers for Coronary Microvascular Disease in Postmenopausal Women Using Machine-Learning Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7082-6882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Arredondo Eve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elif","family":"Tunc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Research and Training Hospital, Katip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jeh","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saumya","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huriye","family":"Erbak Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Training Hospital, Katip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Turkey"},{"name":"Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Balcova, Izmir 35340, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sad\u0131k Volkan","family":"Emren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Training Hospital, Katip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0898-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filiz","family":"Aky\u0131ld\u0131z Ak\u00e7ay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Training Hospital, Katip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luidmila","family":"Mainzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justina","family":"\u017durauskien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2T, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2607-1643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeynep","family":"Madak Erdogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968792","article-title":"Sex\/gender differences in cardiovascular disease prevention: What a difference a decade makes","volume":"124","author":"Mosca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.16.1867","article-title":"Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: The Framingham experience","volume":"162","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. 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