{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:09:08Z","timestamp":1790370548724,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1C1C1002208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1C1C1002208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1F1A1075273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1075273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Halitosis is mainly caused by the action of oral microbes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in salivary microbes and metabolites between subjects with and without halitosis. Of the 52 participants, 22 were classified into the halitosis group by the volatile sulfur compound analysis on breath samples. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metabolomics approaches were used to investigate the difference in microbes and metabolites in saliva of the control and halitosis groups. The profiles of microbiota and metabolites were relatively different between the halitosis and control groups. The relative abundances of Prevotella, Alloprevotella, and Megasphaera were significantly higher in the halitosis group. In contrast, the relative abundances of Streptococcus, Rothia, and Haemophilus were considerably higher in the control group. The levels of 5-aminovaleric acid and n-acetylornithine were significantly higher in the halitosis group. The correlation between identified metabolites and microbiota reveals that Alloprevotella and Prevotella might be related to the cadaverine and putrescine pathways that cause halitosis. This study could provide insight into the mechanisms of halitosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11060362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T13:25:43Z","timestamp":1623072343000},"page":"362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Identification of Salivary Microorganisms and Metabolites Associated with Halitosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jae-kwon","family":"Jo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Ho","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonlab Inc., Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Eun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5478-649X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Su","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang-Moon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AccuGene Inc., Incheon 22006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Jae","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AccuGene Inc., Incheon 22006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Ho","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naju Korean Medical Hospital, Dongshin University, Naju 58326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2102-7785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong-Seok","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Halitosis: A review of current literature","volume":"84","author":"Armstrong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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