{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:23:24Z","timestamp":1792027404801,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptosporidiosis is a major human health concern globally. Despite well-established methods, misdiagnosis remains common. Our understanding of the cryptosporidiosis biochemical mechanism remains limited, compounding the difficulty of clinical diagnosis. Here, we used a systems biology approach to investigate the underlying biochemical interactions in C57BL\/6J mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Faecal samples were collected daily following infection. Blood, liver tissues and luminal contents were collected 10 days post infection. High-resolution liquid chromatography and low-resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry were used to analyse the proteomes and metabolomes of these samples. Faeces and luminal contents were additionally subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis of the acquired data illustrated altered host and microbial energy pathways during infection. Glycolysis\/citrate cycle metabolites were depleted, while short-chain fatty acids and D-amino acids accumulated. An increased abundance of bacteria associated with a stressed gut environment was seen. Host proteins involved in energy pathways and Lactobacillus glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were upregulated during cryptosporidiosis. Liver oxalate also increased during infection. Microbiome\u2013parasite relationships were observed to be more influential than the host\u2013parasite association in mediating major biochemical changes in the mouse gut during cryptosporidiosis. Defining this parasite\u2013microbiome interaction is the first step towards building a comprehensive cryptosporidiosis model towards biomarker discovery, and rapid and accurate diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11060380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T12:44:37Z","timestamp":1623415477000},"page":"380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Cryptosporidiosis Modulates the Gut Microbiome and Metabolism in a Murine Infection Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3731-9598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avinash V.","family":"Karpe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie L.","family":"Hutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2599-8957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Mileto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meagan L.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4796-0394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan M.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amol B.","family":"Ghodke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Department of Horticulture, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"BIO21 Institute, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie E.","family":"Hillyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne S.","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Research and Innovation Park, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Research and Innovation Park, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dena","family":"Lyras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5889-1393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo A.","family":"Palombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9948-9197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Beale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e568","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30076-2","article-title":"The incidence, aetiology, and adverse clinical consequences of less severe diarrhoeal episodes among infants and children residing in low-income and middle-income countries: A 12-month case-control study as a follow-on to the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)","volume":"7","author":"Kotloff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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