{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T22:12:44Z","timestamp":1776377564763,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Postdoctoral Enrichment Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Postdoctoral Enrichment Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["Graduate Research Fellowship Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Graduate Research Fellowship Program"]}]},{"name":"Achievement Rewards for College Scientists (ARCS) Foundation","award":["Seattle ARCS Chapter"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Seattle ARCS Chapter"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["Hatch Project 227700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hatch Project 227700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh and Scrophularia marilandica L. are two common species within the Scrophulariaceae family that are endemic to North America. Historically, these species were used by indigenous peoples and colonialists to treat sunburn, sunstroke, frostbite, edema, as well as for blood purification, and in women\u2019s health. Several iridoid and phenylethanoid\/phenylpropanoid glycosides detected in these species, such as harpagoside and verbascoside, possess anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties. Due to the presence of anti-inflammatory metabolites and the historical uses of these species, we performed a two-year field study to determine the optimal production of these important compounds. We subjected the plants to shade treatment and analyzed differences in the metabolite composition between the two species and each of their leaves, stems, and roots at various times throughout the growing seasons. We determined that S. lanceolata plants grown in full sun produced 0.63% harpagoside per dried weight in their leaves compared to shade-grown plants (0.43%). Furthermore, S. lanceolata accumulated more harpagoside than S. marilandica (0.24%). We also found that verbascoside accumulated in the leaves of S. lanceolata and S. marilandica as the growing season progressed, while the production of this metabolite remained mostly seasonally unchanged in the roots of both species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11070464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T10:07:37Z","timestamp":1626689257000},"page":"464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Changes in the Harpagide, Harpagoside, and Verbascoside Content of Field Grown Scrophularia lanceolata and Scrophularia marilandica in Response to Season and Shade"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Korey J.","family":"Brownstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Research Center, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Mt. Vernon, MO 65712, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hien T. T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Gang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Folk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00606-010-0369-z","article-title":"Phylogenetic Relationships among New World Scrophularia L. 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