{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T23:09:17Z","timestamp":1769123357779,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This observational study aimed to evaluate serum and urinary amino acid (AA) concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD) fed a commercial therapeutic renal diet with reduced protein and phosphorus levels. Ten dogs with CKD stages 3 or 4 composed the study group and received the renal diet for 180 days (RG T180). A control group (CG T30) composed of seven healthy dogs was fed a renal diet for 30 days. When comparing serum AA between RG T180 and CG T30, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, cysteine, citrulline, ornithine, taurine, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), and total essential amino acids (EAA) were higher in RG T180. Meanwhile, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, serine, and tyrosine were higher in CG T30. Serum phenylalanine, tryptophan, and hydroxyproline were higher in RG T0 (dogs with CKD before consuming a renal diet) when compared to RG T180. In addition, the serum ratios of arginine\/citrulline, tyrosine\/phenylalanine, and serine\/glycine were higher in CG T30 than in RG T180. Concerning urinary AA concentrations in CKD dogs, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, aspartate, cysteine, and BCAA were higher in RG T180. In urine, the total EAA\/total non-essential AA ratio in RG T180 was higher than in CG T30 as well as tyrosine\/phenylalanine ratio higher in CG T30. In conclusion, the combination of renal diet and conservative treatment over 6 months in dogs with CKD stages 3 or 4 affected the AAs metabolism when compared to healthy adult dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11120844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T22:18:42Z","timestamp":1638829122000},"page":"844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of Serum and Urine Amino Acids in Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Dogs Fed a Renal Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marcio Antonio","family":"Brunetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pet Nutrology Research Center, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Veterinary Nutrology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doris Pereira","family":"Halfen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Nutrology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larissa Wunsche","family":"Risolia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Nutrology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5954-4086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivian","family":"Pedrinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Nutrology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4031-1175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas Segalla","family":"Caragelasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Internal Medicine Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiago Henrique Annibale","family":"Vendramini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pet Nutrology Research Center, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"de Carvalho Balieiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pet Nutrology Research Center, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristiana Fonseca Ferreira","family":"Pontieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Development Center, Grandfood Industry and Commerce LTDA (Premier Pet\u00ae), Dourado, S\u00e3o Paulo 13590-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana Toloi","family":"Jeremias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Development Center, Grandfood Industry and Commerce LTDA (Premier Pet\u00ae), Dourado, S\u00e3o Paulo 13590-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Ruberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Internal Medicine Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcia Mery","family":"Kogika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Internal Medicine Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ettinger, S.J., and Feldman, E. 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