{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T21:32:37Z","timestamp":1780522357129,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality in patients with juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) associated with atherosclerosis. The interplay between dyslipidaemia and inflammation\u2014mechanisms that drive atherosclerosis\u2014were investigated retrospectively in adolescent JSLE patients using lipoprotein-based serum metabolomics in patients with active and inactive disease, compared to healthy controls (HCs). Data was analysed using machine learning, logistic regression, and linear regression. Dyslipidaemia in JSLE patients was characterised by lower levels of small atheroprotective high-density lipoprotein subsets compared to HCs. These changes were exacerbated by active disease and additionally associated with significantly higher atherogenic very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) compared to patients with low disease activity. Atherogenic lipoprotein subset expression correlated positively with clinical and serological markers of JSLE disease activity\/inflammation and was associated with disturbed liver function, and elevated expression of T-cell and B-cell lipid rafts (cell signalling platforms mediating immune cell activation). Finally, exposing VLDL\/LDL from patients with active disease to HC lymphocytes induced a significant increase in lymphocyte lipid raft activation compared to VLDL\/LDL from inactive patients. Thus, metabolomic analysis identified complex patterns of atherogenic dyslipidaemia in JSLE patients associated with inflammation. This could inform lipid-targeted therapies in JSLE to improve cardiovascular outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T09:50:43Z","timestamp":1640080243000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Metabolomics Defines Complex Patterns of Dyslipidaemia in Juvenile-SLE Patients Associated with Inflammation and Potential Cardiovascular Disease Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7473-7652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George A.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rheumatology Research, Department of Medicine, University College London, London W1CE 6JF, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology versus Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University College London, London W1CE 6JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology versus Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University College London, London W1CE 6JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7349-2208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Pineda-Torra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, Department of Medicine, University College London, London W1CE 6JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8911-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coziana","family":"Ciurtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rheumatology Research, Department of Medicine, University College London, London W1CE 6JF, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology versus Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University College London, London W1CE 6JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2389-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Jury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rheumatology Research, Department of Medicine, University College London, London W1CE 6JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203307079562","article-title":"Lupus in adolescence","volume":"16","author":"Piram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203316644333","article-title":"Differences in disease phenotype and severity in SLE across age groups","volume":"25","author":"Ambrose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(76)90431-9","article-title":"The bimodal mortality pattern of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"60","author":"Urowitz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. 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