{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T14:29:12Z","timestamp":1776695352566,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MA-6864\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MA-6864\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wilhelm-Laupitz-Foundation","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CeD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by an intolerance to storage proteins of many grains. CeD is frequently associated with liver damage and steatosis. Bile acid (BA) signaling has been identified as an important mediator in gut\u2013liver interaction and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we aimed to analyze BA signaling and liver injury in CeD patients. Therefore, we analyzed data of 20 CeD patients on a gluten-free diet compared to 20 healthy controls (HC). We furthermore analyzed transaminase levels, markers of cell death, BA, and fatty acid metabolism. Hepatic steatosis was determined via transient elastography, by MRI and non-invasive scores. In CeD, we observed an increase of the apoptosis marker M30 and more hepatic steatosis as compared to HC. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) was repressed in CeD, while low levels were associated with steatosis, especially in patients with high levels of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (anti-tTG). When comparing anti-tTG-positive CeD patients to individuals without detectable anti-tTG levels, hepatic steatosis was accentuated. CeD patients with significant sonographic steatosis (defined by CAP \u2265 283 db\/m) were exclusively anti-tTG-positive. In summary, our results suggest that even in CeD patients in clinical remission under gluten-free diet, alterations in gut\u2013liver axis, especially BA signaling, might contribute to steatotic liver injury and should be further addressed in future studies and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12020130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T01:46:08Z","timestamp":1643593568000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Potential Role for Bile Acid Signaling in Celiac Disease-Associated Fatty Liver"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Manka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1349-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svenja","family":"Sydor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1438-1065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia M.","family":"Sch\u00e4nzer-Ocklenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malte","family":"Brandenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramiro","family":"Vilchez-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Hospital Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9514-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Link","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Hospital Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Heider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Stra\u00dfe 6, 35043 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5631-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Brodesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Response in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD) Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Figge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"J\u00e4hnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Coombes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London WC1E6H, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1499-650X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Cubero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Opthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2823-6774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisan","family":"Kahraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7546-3910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moon-Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"K\u00e4lsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Kinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaas Nico","family":"Faber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4764-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Moshage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Gerken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wing-Kin","family":"Syn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"},{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country UPV\/EHU, 489040 Vizcaya, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6069-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Canbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3487-9810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars P.","family":"Bechmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6036","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i42.6036","article-title":"Celiac Disease: Prevalence, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"18","author":"Gujral","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510012181","article-title":"Coeliac Disease, Autoimmune Diseases and Gluten Exposure","volume":"40","author":"Viljamaa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"595","article-title":"Liver Involvement in Celiac Disease","volume":"99","author":"Murray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1330421","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Occurs in Celiac Disease and Is Associated with Cellular Stress","volume":"51","author":"Bechmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i19.5813","article-title":"Liver Involvement in Pediatric Celiac Disease","volume":"21","author":"Anania","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31016-6","article-title":"Liver Failure Unmasks Celiac Disease in a Child","volume":"12","author":"Basheer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"668","article-title":"S2k Guideline non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"53","author":"Roeb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), and European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) (2016). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J. Hepatol., 64, 1388\u20131402.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.11.004"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1159\/000371670","article-title":"Bile Acids as Hormones: The FXR-FGF15\/19 Pathway","volume":"33","author":"Kliewer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00131","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000131","article-title":"Altered Microbiota Diversity and Bile Acid Signaling in Cirrhotic and Noncirrhotic NASH-HCC","volume":"11","author":"Sydor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. 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Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marasco, G., Cirota, G.G., Rossini, B., Lungaro, L., Di Biase, A.R., Colecchia, A., Volta, U., De Giorgio, R., Festi, D., and Caio, G. (2020). Probiotics, Prebiotics and Other Dietary Supplements for Gut Microbiota Modulation in Celiac Disease Patients. 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Motil."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/12\/2\/130\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:11:31Z","timestamp":1760134291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/12\/2\/130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo12020130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo12020130","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]}}}