{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:35:15Z","timestamp":1787787315314,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and depression are highly comorbid. Immune alterations, oxidative stress or microbiota dysfunction have been proposed as some mechanisms underlying this association. The aim of the proposed study is to assess the severity and profile of OSA and depressive symptoms in the context of serum microbiota metabolites, biomarkers of intestinal permeability, inflammation and oxidative stress in adult patients diagnosed with OSA syndrome. The study population consists of 200 subjects. An apnoea-hypopnoea index \u2265 5\/hour is used for the diagnosis. Depressive symptoms are assessed with Beck Depression Inventory. Measured serum markers are: tumour necrosis factor\u2013alpha and interleukin-6 for inflammation, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde concentration for oxidative stress, zonulin, calprotectin, lipopolisaccharide-binding protein and intestinal fatty acids-binding protein for intestinal permeability. All of the above will be measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Associations between clinical symptoms profile and severity and the above markers levels will be tested. It would be valuable to seek for overlap indicators of depression and OSA to create this endophenotype possible biomarkers and form new prophylactic or therapeutic methods. The results may be useful to establish a subpopulation of patients sensitive to microbiota therapeutic interventions (probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiota transplantation).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12020152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:38:40Z","timestamp":1644179920000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["\u201cLeaky Gut\u201d as a Keystone of the Connection between Depression and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome? A Rationale and Study Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1398-3117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliwia","family":"Gawlik-Kotelnicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Margulska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4430-6488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Gabryelska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Sochal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Bia\u0142asiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8559-1078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Strzelecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852913000667","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and major depression","volume":"19","author":"Marazziti","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"67","author":"Luppino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. 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