{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:38:38Z","timestamp":1782481118965,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIFE13 ENV\/IT\/000482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIFE13 ENV\/IT\/000482"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CISAS Resolution no. 105\/2015 of December 23, 2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CISAS Resolution no. 105\/2015 of December 23, 2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposomics analyses have highlighted the importance of biomonitoring of human exposure to pollutants, even non-persistent, for the prevention of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) widely used in industry and in a large range of daily life products that increase the risk of endocrine and cardiometabolic diseases especially if the exposure starts during childhood. Thus, biomonitoring of exposure to these compounds is important not only in adulthood but also in childhood. This was the goal of the LIFE-PERSUADED project that measured the exposure to phthalates (DEHP metabolites, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP) and BPA in Italian mother\u2013children couples of different ages. In this paper we describe the method that was set up for the LIFE PERSUADED project and validated during the proficiency test (ICI\/EQUAS) showing that accurate determination of urinary phthalates and BPA can be achieved starting from small sample size (0.5 mL) using two MS techniques applied in cascade on the same deconjugated matrix.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12020167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T02:35:51Z","timestamp":1644546951000},"page":"167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Assessment of Exposure to Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) Metabolites and Bisphenol A (BPA) and Its Importance for the Prevention of Cardiometabolic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fabrizia","family":"Carli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demetrio","family":"Ciociaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2594-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalia","family":"Gastaldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Environmental endocrine disruption: An effects assessment and analysis","volume":"106","author":"Crisp","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00858.x","article-title":"Effects of endocrine disruptors on obesity","volume":"31","author":"Newbold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13332","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13332","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and obesity risk: A review of recommendations for obesity prevention policies","volume":"22","author":"Lobstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dallio, M., Diano, N., Masarone, M., Gravina, A.G., Patane, V., Romeo, M., Di Sarno, R., Errico, S., Nicolucci, C., and Abenavoli, L. (2019). Chemical Effect of Bisphenol A on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16173134"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14110","article-title":"Elevated urinary bisphenol A levels are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among adults in the United States","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2174\/156652412798376161","article-title":"The emerging role of endocrine disruptors in pathogenesis of insulin resistance: A concept implicating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Polyzos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112665","article-title":"Phthalates exposure is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among US adults","volume":"224","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E527","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00233.2011","article-title":"Developmental exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate impairs endocrine pancreas and leads to long-term adverse effects on glucose homeostasis in the rat","volume":"301","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3103","article-title":"Bisphenol A exposure induces metabolic disorders and enhances atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic rabbits","volume":"35","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.09.025","article-title":"Gestational exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) impairs pancreatic beta-cell function in F1 rat offspring","volume":"232","author":"Rajesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20550","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2367-6","article-title":"Phthalate exposure as a risk factor for hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04244-4","article-title":"Phthalate-associated hypertension in premature infants: A prospective mechanistic cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Jenkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-1022-z","article-title":"Estrogen and Bisphenol A in Hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Wehbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-015-0617-2","article-title":"Bisphenol A, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Diseases: Epidemiological, Laboratory, and Clinical Trial Evidence","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.05.001","article-title":"Circulating levels of bisphenol A and phthalates are related to carotid atherosclerosis in the elderly","volume":"218","author":"Lind","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.04.006","article-title":"Phthalate exposure increases subclinical atherosclerosis in young population","volume":"250","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.02.021","article-title":"Urinary phthalate metabolites, coronary heart disease, and atherothrombotic markers","volume":"173","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariana, M., and Cairrao, E. (2020). Phthalates Implications in the Cardiovascular System. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd7030026"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0036-5","article-title":"Bisphenol A and the risk of cardiometabolic disorders: A systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence","volume":"14","author":"Ranciere","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.069153","article-title":"Urinary bisphenol A concentration and risk of future coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women","volume":"125","author":"Melzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson, M.H., Wu, Y., Liu, M., Attina, T.M., Naidu, M., Karthikraj, R., Kannan, K., Warady, B.A., Furth, S., and Vento, S. (2020). Serially assessed bisphenol A and phthalate exposure and association with kidney function in children with chronic kidney disease in the US and Canada: A longitudinal cohort study. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003384"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.08.006","article-title":"Renal Function and exposure to Bisphenol A and phthalates in children with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"167","author":"Malits","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.51594","article-title":"Environmental Pollution and Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"18","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-013-0017-x","article-title":"Pre- plus postnatal exposures to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate and thyroid dysfunction in prematurely born children","volume":"37","author":"Latini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40882","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09949-w","article-title":"Combined effects of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and bisphenol A on thyroid hormone homeostasis in adolescent female rats","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorini, F., Bustaffa, E., Coi, A., Iervasi, G., and Bianchi, F. (2020). Bisphenols as Environmental Triggers of Thyroid Dysfunction: Clues and Evidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082654"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106036","article-title":"Gestational and childhood exposure to phthalates and child behavior","volume":"144","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.02.023","article-title":"Associations between circulating levels of bisphenol A and phthalate metabolites and coronary risk in the elderly","volume":"80","author":"Olsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10813","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02372","article-title":"Phthalate and BPA Exposure in Women and Newborns through Personal Care Product Use and Food Packaging","volume":"53","author":"Fisher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7212","article-title":"Temporal variability of urinary phthalate metabolite levels in men of reproductive age","volume":"112","author":"Hauser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.017590","article-title":"Phthalates and human health","volume":"62","author":"Hauser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714","article-title":"Plastics and health risks","volume":"31","author":"Halden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200600243","article-title":"Metabolism of phthalates in humans","volume":"51","author":"Frederiksen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390500227381","article-title":"Mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, a metabolite of di-n-octyl phthalate","volume":"69","author":"Calafat","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-003-0486-3","article-title":"Glucuronidation patterns of common urinary and serum monoester phthalate metabolites","volume":"77","author":"Silva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2005.05.003","article-title":"Monitoring phthalate exposure in humans","volume":"361","author":"Latini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-6183-8","article-title":"Leaching of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from plastic containers and the question of human exposure","volume":"98","author":"Erythropel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10143","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms130810143","article-title":"Epigenetic effects of environmental chemicals bisphenol a and phthalates","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NCN.0000304757.33869.af","article-title":"The 1st World Nursing Informatics Leadership Conference","volume":"26","author":"Kennedy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Inform. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotondo, E., and Chiarelli, F. (2020). Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Insulin Resistance in Children. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8060137"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9435","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04373-1","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between phthalates exposure and insulin resistance","volume":"26","author":"Zarean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12325","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, risk of type 2 diabetes, and diabetes-related metabolic traits: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01797","article-title":"Phthalates Exposure as Determinant of Albuminuria in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"104","author":"Mengozzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.21813","article-title":"Induction of oxidative stress and histological changes in liver by subacute doses of butyl cyclohexyl phthalate","volume":"29","author":"Yavasoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12059","article-title":"The effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on rat liver in relation to selenium status","volume":"95","author":"Erkekoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/50.2.195","article-title":"Chronic peroxisome proliferation and hepatomegaly associated with the hepatocellular tumorigenesis of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and the effects of recovery","volume":"50","author":"David","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.08.002","article-title":"Activation of Trim17 by PPARgamma is involved in di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-induced apoptosis on Neuro-2a cells","volume":"206","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (2021, December 20). Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 117-81-7, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2016-09\/documents\/bis-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09521-z","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Exposure, effects on human health, mechanism of action, models for testing and strategies for prevention","volume":"21","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-18-0265","article-title":"Low-dose Bisphenol-A regulates inflammatory cytokines through GPR30 in mammary adipose cells","volume":"63","author":"Cimmino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.01.067","article-title":"Role of PPAR receptor in different diseases and their ligands: Physiological importance and clinical implications","volume":"166","author":"Mirza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.02.017","article-title":"PPAR-mediated activity of phthalates: A link to the obesity epidemic?","volume":"304","author":"Desvergne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfg145","article-title":"Activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma by environmental phthalate monoesters","volume":"74","author":"Hurst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.02.018","article-title":"Endocrine disrupters as obesogens","volume":"304","author":"Grun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19152","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702724200","article-title":"The endocrine disruptor monoethyl-hexyl-phthalate is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma modulator that promotes adipogenesis","volume":"282","author":"Feige","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3764","article-title":"Maternal di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure alters hepatic insulin signal transduction and glucoregulatory events in rat F1 male offspring","volume":"39","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2018.12.004","article-title":"Developmental exposure to DEHP alters hepatic glucose uptake and transcriptional regulation of GLUT2 in rat male offspring","volume":"413","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Arevalo, M., Alonso-Magdalena, P., Rebelo Dos Santos, J., Quesada, I., Carneiro, E.M., and Nadal, A. (2014). Exposure to bisphenol-A during pregnancy partially mimics the effects of a high-fat diet altering glucose homeostasis and gene expression in adult male mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100214"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.04.012","article-title":"F0 maternal BPA exposure induced glucose intolerance of F2 generation through DNA methylation change in Gck","volume":"228","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2944-7","article-title":"Hepatic DNA methylation modifications in early development of rats resulting from perinatal BPA exposure contribute to insulin resistance in adulthood","volume":"56","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2017.05.001","article-title":"Downregulation of miR-192 causes hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation by inducing SREBF1: Novel mechanism for bisphenol A-triggered non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"1862","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559325815610582","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325815610582","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Action of BPA","volume":"13","author":"Acconcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127304","article-title":"The phthalate DEHP modulates the estrogen receptors alpha and beta increasing lactotroph cell population in female pituitary glands","volume":"258","author":"Perez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7617","article-title":"Biologic monitoring of exposure to environmental chemicals throughout the life stages: Requirements and issues for consideration for the National Children\u2019s Study","volume":"113","author":"Barr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.012","article-title":"Variability of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites during pregnancy in first morning voids and pooled samples","volume":"122","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2007.10.023","article-title":"Quantification of 22 phthalate metabolites in human urine","volume":"860","author":"Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5491\/SHAW.2011.2.1.57","article-title":"Determination of Phthalate Metabolites in Human Serum and Urine as Biomarkers for Phthalate Exposure Using Column-Switching LC-MS\/MS","volume":"2","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2012.09.030","article-title":"Determination of five di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate metabolites in urine by UPLC-MS\/MS, markers of blood transfusion misuse in sports","volume":"908","author":"Monfort","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-6779-3","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive analysis of phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A, and endogenous steroid hormones in human urine by mixed-mode solid-phase extraction, dansylation, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry","volume":"405","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.01.002","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of some phthalate metabolites, parabens and benzophenone-3 in urine by ultra high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"949","author":"Dewalque","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8497-5","article-title":"Determination and separation of bisphenol A, phthalate metabolites and structural isomers of parabens in human urine with conventional high-pressure liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"407","author":"Myridakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-018-1062-2","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive determination of nine bisphenol analogues, three amphenicol antibiotics, and six phthalate metabolites in human urine samples using UHPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"410","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S0062","DOI":"10.5702\/massspectrometry.S0062","article-title":"Exposure Marker Discovery of Phthalates Using Mass Spectrometry","volume":"6","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113740","article-title":"The European human biomonitoring platform\u2014Design and implementation of a laboratory quality assurance\/quality control (QA\/QC) programme for selected priority chemicals","volume":"234","author":"Goen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25618","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2660-4","article-title":"The LIFE PERSUADED project approach on phthalates and bisphenol A biomonitoring in Italian mother-child pairs linking exposure and juvenile diseases","volume":"25","author":"Maranghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109428","article-title":"Biomonitoring of Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in Italian children and adolescents: Data from LIFE PERSUADED project","volume":"185","author":"Tait","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tait, S., Carli, F., Busani, L., Ciociaro, D., Della Latta, V., Deodati, A., Fabbrizi, E., Pala, A.P., Maranghi, F., and Tassinari, R. (2021). Italian Children Exposure to Bisphenol A: Biomonitoring Data from the LIFE PERSUADED Project. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211846"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1331","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of eight anthraquinones in Semen Cassiae by HPLC-DAD","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"712A","article-title":"Limit of Detection a Closer Look at the IUPAC Definition","volume":"55","author":"Long","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.12.002","article-title":"The European COPHES\/DEMOCOPHES project: Towards transnational comparability and reliability of human biomonitoring results","volume":"217","author":"Schindler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Commission Regulation (EU) (2021, December 20). No 10\/2011 of 14 January 2011 on Plastic Materials and Articles Intended to Come into Contact with Food (Text with EEA Relevance). Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:012:0001:0089:en:PDF."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"e05838","article-title":"Update of the risk assessment of di-butylphthalate (DBP), butyl-benzyl-phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-isononylphthalate (DINP) and di-isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials","volume":"17","author":"Processing","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2005.243","article-title":"Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for use in food contact materials","volume":"3","author":"Authority","year":"2005","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"759","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of Bisphenol A\u2014Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food additives, Flavourings, Processing aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC)","volume":"6","author":"Authority","year":"2008","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (2021, December 20). Proposed Designation of Di-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) (1,2-Benzene- dicarboxylic acid, 1,2-bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester) (CASRN 117-81-7) as a High-Priority Substance for Risk Evaluation, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca\/risk-evaluation-di-ethylhexyl-phthalate-12-benzene."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards, L., McCray, N.L., VanNoy, B.N., Yau, A., Geller, R.J., Adamkiewicz, G., and Zota, A.R. (2021). Phthalate and novel plasticizer concentrations in food items from U.S. fast food chains: A preliminary analysis. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-021-00392-8"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.93101378","article-title":"Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans","volume":"101","author":"Colborn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.01.037","article-title":"Rapid, automated online SPE-LC-QTRAP-MS\/MS method for the simultaneous analysis of 14 phthalate metabolites and 5 bisphenol analogues in human urine","volume":"151","author":"Heffernan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.07.037","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of urinary phthalate metabolites of residents in Korea using isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"470\u2013471","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00928","article-title":"Advancement in Determination of Phthalate Metabolites by Gas Chromatography Eliminating Derivatization Step","volume":"7","author":"Tankiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-010-0051-8","article-title":"Determination of five phthalate monoesters in human urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"85","author":"Kondo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8796","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.8796","article-title":"Development and validation of a liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify metabolites of phthalates, including di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP) and bisphenol A, in human urine","volume":"34","author":"Frigerio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.07.105","article-title":"Development and validation of a specific and sensitive gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of bisphenol A residues in a large set of food items","volume":"1362","author":"Deceuninck","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/12\/2\/167\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:17:28Z","timestamp":1760134648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/12\/2\/167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo12020167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo12020167","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.12.06.470607","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]}}}