{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:23:39Z","timestamp":1791919419372,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea","award":["PJ014796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ014796"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat stress is an important issue, and the addition of fiber to the diet is an option in modifying intestinal health. This study evaluated the effect of acid detergent fiber (ADF) levels on reproductive performance, intestinal integrity, and metabolism of gestating sows, and its carry-over effect on the lactation period during heat stress. The diets included 4.3% (Low fiber; LF), 5.4% (Medium fiber; MF), and 6.5% (High fiber; HF) ADF. Sows fed the HF diet showed a lower respiratory rate, hair cortisol concentration, and farrowing duration compared with the LF treatment. The HF diet increased the pyruvate, citrate cycle, glyoxylate, dicarboxylate, and thiamine metabolism compared with the MF. The concentration of acetate and total short-chain fatty acids were increased in the sows fed the HF diet. The gene expression of glucose transporter 3 and glucose transporter 4 was increased in the HF treatment. The gene expression of heat shock protein 70 was decreased in the HF treatment. The HF diet during gestation increased feed intake, constipation index, piglet weight, and litter weight compared with the LF. Sows in the LF treatment showed the greatest digestibility of crude protein and the lowest digestibility of ADF. In conclusion, a 6.5% ADF level is recommended for gestating sows during heat stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12040280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T22:08:06Z","timestamp":1648073286000},"page":"280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Metabolic Responses of Dietary Fiber during Heat Stress: Effects on Reproductive Performance and Stress Level of Gestating Sows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"SeungMin","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gyeongbuk Livestock Research Institute, Yeongju 63052, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdolreza","family":"Hosseindoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SangHun","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Moturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JunYoung","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habeeb","family":"Tajudeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JinSoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0391-0","article-title":"Heat stress affects fecal microbial and metabolic alterations of primiparous sows during late gestation","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2020.62.3.356","article-title":"Effects of free feeding time system and energy level to improve the reproductive performance of lactating sows during summer","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Titto, C.G., Orihuela, A., Mart\u00ednez-Burnes, J., G\u00f3mez-Prado, J., Torres-Bernal, F., Flores-Padilla, K., Carvajal-De la Fuente, V., and Wang, D. (2021). Physiological and behavioral mechanisms of thermoregulation in mammals. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061733"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.17.0398","article-title":"Evaluation of high nutrient diets on litter performance of heat-stressed lactating sows","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2017.08.015","article-title":"The effect of farrowing duration on maternal behavior of hyperprolific sows in organic outdoor production","volume":"204","author":"Thorsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13214","article-title":"Evaluation of high nutrient diets and additional dextrose on reproductive performance and litter performance of heat-stressed lactating sows","volume":"90","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Wei, J., Yu, H., Hao, X., Zuo, J., Tan, C., and Deng, J. (2020). Effects of Dietary Fiber Sources during Gestation on Stress Status, Abnormal Behaviors and Reproductive Performance of Sows. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010141"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1989.672482x","article-title":"The Effects of Dietary Fat or Fiber Addition on Yield and Composition of Milk from Sows Housed in a Warm or Hot Environment","volume":"67","author":"Schoenherr","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1241","article-title":"Effect of dietary level of protein and fiber on the productive performance and health status of piglets","volume":"87","author":"Hermes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-5-15","article-title":"Fiber effects in nutrition and gut health in pigs","volume":"5","author":"Lindberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2015.1013664","article-title":"Comparative digestibility of energy and nutrients in diets fed to sows and growing pigs","volume":"69","author":"Lowell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quiniou, N. (2021). Results of 15 Years of Precision Feeding of Hyper Prolific Gestating Sows. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102908"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9081","article-title":"Quantification of short-chain fatty acids and energy production from hindgut fermentation in cannulated pigs fed graded levels of wheat bran","volume":"93","author":"Iyayi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2021.105433","article-title":"High fiber diet reduces stereotypic behavior of gilts but does not affect offspring performance","volume":"243","author":"Bernardino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0714","article-title":"Absorption of carbohydrate-derived nutrients in sows as influenced by types and contents of dietary fiber","volume":"87","author":"Serena","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2018.1438214","article-title":"An overview of hourly rhythm of demand-feeding pattern by a controlled feeding system on productive performance of lactating sows during summer","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa075","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa075","article-title":"Impact of feed intake in early gestation on maternal growth and litter size according to body reserves at weaning of young parity sows","volume":"98","author":"Mallmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(01)00196-1","article-title":"Effect of dietary fibre on the behaviour and health of the restricted fed sow","volume":"90","author":"Edwards","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.07.007","article-title":"Feeding sows with high fibre diet around farrowing and early lactation: Impact on intestinal activity, energy balance related parameters and litter performance","volume":"86","author":"Oliviero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Veter-Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00450-5","article-title":"Inclusion of purified dietary fiber during gestation improved the reproductive performance of sows","volume":"11","author":"Zhuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.14.0973","article-title":"Effects of Gestational Housing on Reproductive Performance and Behavior of Sows with Different Backfat Thickness","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2019.04.006","article-title":"Crude fiber modulates the fecal microbiome and steroid hormones in pregnant Meishan sows","volume":"277","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2019.61.5.285","article-title":"Age and weight at first mating affects plasma leptin concentration but no effects on reproductive performance of gilts","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/rbz4820180028","article-title":"Additional feeding during late gestation improves initial litter weight of lactating sows exposed to high ambient temperature","volume":"48","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0984-3","article-title":"Prevalence of constipation and its influence on post-parturient disorders in tropical sows","volume":"48","author":"Pearodwong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Heal. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.09.006","article-title":"Classification and regulatory perspectives of dietary fiber","volume":"25","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00573-3","article-title":"Impact of sugar beet pulp and wheat bran on serum biochemical profile, inflammatory responses and gut microbiota in sows during late gestation and lactation","volume":"12","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.02.005","article-title":"Prolonged duration of farrowing is associated with subsequent decreased fertility in sows","volume":"79","author":"Oliviero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731107000110","article-title":"Dietary fibre for gestating sows: Effects on parturition progress, behaviour, litter and sow performance","volume":"1","author":"Guillemet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas2012-066","article-title":"Review: Mammary development in swine: Effects of hormonal status, nutrition and management","volume":"93","author":"Farmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12662","article-title":"Coat and hair color: Hair cortisol and serotonin levels in lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions","volume":"88","author":"Nejad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731113001870","article-title":"Wool cortisol is a better indicator of stress than blood cortisol in ewes exposed to heat stress and water restriction","volume":"8","author":"Nejad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2019.1611335","article-title":"Measuring hair and blood cortisol in sheep and dairy cattle using RIA and ELISA assay: A comparison","volume":"51","author":"Nejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Rhythm Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1380","article-title":"Inclusion of Soluble Fiber During Gestation Regulates Gut Microbiota, Improves Bile Acid Homeostasis, and Enhances the Reproductive Performance of Sows","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Veter-Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2003.00462.x","article-title":"Effect of intravenous infusions of thiamine on the disposition kinetics of thiamine and its pyrophosphate","volume":"28","author":"Drewe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63930-1.00011-9","article-title":"Analysis of the Protein Binding Sites for Thiamin and Its Derivatives to Elucidate the Molecular Mechanisms of the Noncoenzyme Action of Thiamin (Vitamin B1)","volume":"Volume 53","author":"Bunik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00116-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00116-17","article-title":"Thiamine Acquisition Strategies Impact Metabolism and Competition in the Gut Microbe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron","volume":"2","author":"Costliow","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2020.07.011","article-title":"Thiamine Deficiency as a Cause for Acute Circulatory Failure: An Overlooked Association in Western Countries","volume":"2","author":"Hayek","year":"2020","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759323","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.759323","article-title":"Integrating Serum Metabolome and Gut Microbiome to Evaluate the Benefits of Lauric Acid on Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Broilers","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s10825-019-01346-y","article-title":"First-principles analysis of the detection of amine vapors using an antimonene electroresistive molecular device","volume":"18","author":"Bhuvaneswari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Electron."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20031003","article-title":"Butyrate is only one of several growth inhibitors produced during gut flora-mediated fermentation of dietary fibre sources","volume":"90","author":"Glei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2017.1345663","article-title":"Effects of dietary energy levels and \u03b2-mannanase supplementation in a high mannan-based diet during lactation on reproductive performance, apparent total tract digestibility and milk composition in multiparous sows","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1019","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Stimulate Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion via the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor FFAR2","volume":"61","author":"Tolhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2018.1471185","article-title":"Effects of L-carnitine on reproductive performance, milk composition, placental development and IGF concentrations in blood plasma and placental chorions in sows","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.9.5369","article-title":"Glucose Transporter GLUT3 in the Rat Placental Barrier: A Possible Machinery for the Transplacental Transfer of Glucose","volume":"138","author":"Shin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0808","article-title":"Rapid Communication: Isolation of glucose transporters GLUT3 and GLUT14 in bovine uteroplacental tissues from days 16 to 50 of gestation","volume":"94","author":"Crouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.12.12.1221","article-title":"Sustained hyperglycemia in vitro down-regulates the GLUT1 glucose transport system of cultured human term placental trophoblast: A mechanism to protect fetal development?","volume":"12","author":"Hahn","year":"1998","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2017.1362095","article-title":"Blood hormone profiles, physiological variables, and behavioral criteria in Corriedale ewes fed different TMR moisture levels during thermal-humidity exposure","volume":"49","author":"Nejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Rhythm Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"17","article-title":"New NRC (2012) Nutrient Requirements of Swine","volume":"24","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Pork Prod."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2007). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, Association of Official Analytical Chemists."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas79-081","article-title":"An Improved Procedure for the Determination of Chromic Oxide in Feed and Feces","volume":"59","author":"Fenton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, W.-S., Nejad, J.G., Roh, S.-G., and Lee, H.-G. (2020). Heat-Shock Proteins Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as an Indicator of Heat Stress in Beef Calves. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050895"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez305","article-title":"Growth performance and gastrointestinal responses in heavy Tom turkeys fed antibiotic free corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with multiple doses of a single strain Bacillus subtilis probiotic (DSM29784)","volume":"98","author":"Mohammadigheisar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseindoust, A., Oh, S., Ko, H., Jeon, S., Ha, S., Jang, A., Son, J., Kim, G., Kang, H., and Kim, J. (2020). Muscle Antioxidant Activity and Meat Quality Are Altered by Supplementation of Astaxanthin in Broilers Exposed to High Temperature. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111032"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.09.143","article-title":"Maternal supplementation with calcium varying with feeding time daily during late pregnancy affects lipid metabolism and transport of placenta in pigs","volume":"505","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/12\/4\/280\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:41:54Z","timestamp":1760136114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/12\/4\/280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo12040280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo12040280","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]}}}