{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:08:31Z","timestamp":1792112911838,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian National bank Fund","award":["17271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17271"]}]},{"name":"Austrian National bank Fund","award":["IIS 1199-0424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS 1199-0424"]}]},{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH &amp; Co KG (BI)","award":["17271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17271"]}]},{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH &amp; Co KG (BI)","award":["IIS 1199-0424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS 1199-0424"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is frequently associated with iron dyshomeostasis. The latter is related to acute disease severity and COVID-19 convalescence. We herein describe iron dyshomeostasis at COVID-19 follow-up and its association with long-term pulmonary and symptomatic recovery. The prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study \u201cDevelopment of Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) in Patients With Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection (CovILD)\u201d encompasses serial extensive clinical, laboratory, functional and imaging evaluations at 60, 100, 180 and 360 days after COVID-19 onset. We included 108 individuals with mild-to-critical acute COVID-19, whereas 75% presented with severe acute disease. At 60 days post-COVID-19 follow-up, hyperferritinaemia (35% of patients), iron deficiency (24% of the cohort) and anaemia (9% of the patients) were frequently found. Anaemia of inflammation (AI) was the predominant feature at early post-acute follow-up, whereas the anaemia phenotype shifted towards iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and combinations of IDA and AI until the 360 days follow-up. The prevalence of anaemia significantly decreased over time, but iron dyshomeostasis remained a frequent finding throughout the study. Neither iron dyshomeostasis nor anaemia were related to persisting structural lung impairment, but both were associated with impaired stress resilience at long-term COVID-19 follow-up. To conclude, iron dyshomeostasis and anaemia are frequent findings after COVID-19 and may contribute to its long-term symptomatic outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12060546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1655257194000},"page":"546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Impact of Iron Dyshomeostasis and Anaemia on Long-Term Pulmonary Recovery and Persisting Symptom Burden after COVID-19: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5080-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Sonnweber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6233-8910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Grubwieser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Sahanic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Katharina","family":"B\u00f6hm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Pizzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0445-8372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Luger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4438-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Schwabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Koppelst\u00e4tter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Kurz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Puchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8936-676X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Sperner-Unterweger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Clinic for Psychiatry II, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5453-8792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"H\u00fcfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Clinic for Psychiatry II, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewald","family":"W\u00f6ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vinzenz Hospital, 6511 Zams, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Nairz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerlig","family":"Widmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical 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