{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:38:45Z","timestamp":1792795125085,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are characterized by the concepts of lipo- and glucotoxicity. NAFLD is characterized by the accumulation of different lipidic species within the hepatocytes. Bile acids (BA), derived from cholesterol, and conjugated and stored in the gallbladder, help the absorption\/processing of lipids, and modulate host inflammatory responses and gut microbiota (GM) composition. The latter is the new \u201cactor\u201d that links the GI tract and liver in NAFLD pathogenesis. In fact, the discovery and mechanistic characterization of hepatic and intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) shed new light on the gut\u2013liver axis. We conducted a search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials, and case series using the following keywords, their acronyms, and their associations: farnesoid X receptor, bile acids metabolism, gut microbiota, dysbiosis, and liver steatosis. Findings on the synthesis, metabolism, and conjugation processes of BAs, and their action on FXR, change the understanding of NAFLD physiopathology. In detail, BAs act as ligands to several FXRs with GM modulation. On the other hand, the BAs pool is modulated by GM, thus, regulating FXRs functioning in the frame of liver fat deposition and fibrosis development. In conclusion, BAs passed from their role of simple lipid absorption and metabolism agents to messengers between the gut and liver, modulated by GM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12070647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T01:57:11Z","timestamp":1657850231000},"page":"647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Farnesoid X Receptor, Bile Acid Metabolism, and Gut Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8830-4671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Mori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"T.A.R.G.I.D., Gasthuisberg University Hospital, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Svegliati Baroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatic Damage and Transplant Unit, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Marzioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Clinic; Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Di Nicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Outpatient Clinic and Internal Medicine Unit, \u201cMadonna del Soccorso\u201d General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierangelo","family":"Santori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Outpatient Clinic and Internal Medicine Unit, \u201cMadonna del Soccorso\u201d General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Maroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Clinic; Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5922-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovico","family":"Abenavoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emidio","family":"Scarpellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T.A.R.G.I.D., Gasthuisberg University Hospital, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Hepatology Outpatient Clinic and Internal Medicine Unit, \u201cMadonna del Soccorso\u201d General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2021.00178","article-title":"Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Multi-systemic Disease Beyond the Liver","volume":"10","author":"Kaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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