{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T01:15:32Z","timestamp":1775265332184,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08-NS117897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08-NS117897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-NS060653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS060653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-NS113945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS113945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-HL007915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-HL007915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HL141386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HL141386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P41-EB015893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41-EB015893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31-HD085731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31-HD085731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08-NS117897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08-NS117897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-NS060653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS060653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-NS113945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS113945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-HL007915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-HL007915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HL141386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HL141386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P41-EB015893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41-EB015893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31-HD085731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31-HD085731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08-NS117897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08-NS117897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-NS060653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS060653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-NS113945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS113945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-HL007915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-HL007915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HL141386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HL141386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P41-EB015893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41-EB015893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31-HD085731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31-HD085731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08-NS117897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08-NS117897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-NS060653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS060653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-NS113945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS113945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-HL007915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-HL007915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HL141386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HL141386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P41-EB015893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41-EB015893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31-HD085731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31-HD085731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia Cardiac Center and the Frontier Program","award":["K08-NS117897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08-NS117897"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia Cardiac Center and the Frontier Program","award":["R01-NS060653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS060653"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia Cardiac Center and the Frontier Program","award":["R01-NS113945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS113945"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia Cardiac Center and the Frontier Program","award":["T32-HL007915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-HL007915"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia Cardiac Center and the Frontier Program","award":["R01-HL141386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HL141386"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia Cardiac Center and the Frontier Program","award":["P41-EB015893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41-EB015893"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia Cardiac Center and the Frontier Program","award":["F31-HD085731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31-HD085731"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonates undergoing cardiac surgery involving aortic arch reconstruction are at an increased risk for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Deep hypothermia is utilized to help mitigate this risk when periods of circulatory arrest are needed for surgical repair. Here, we investigate correlations between non-invasive optical neuromonitoring of cerebral hemodynamics, which has recently shown promise for the prediction of postoperative white matter injury in this patient population, and invasive cerebral microdialysis biomarkers. We compared cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), relative total hemoglobin concentration (rTHC), and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured by optics against the microdialysis biomarkers of metabolic stress and injury (lactate\u2013pyruvate ratio (LPR) and glycerol) in neonatal swine models of deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (DHCPB), selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (SACP), and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). All three optical parameters were negatively correlated with LPR and glycerol in DHCA animals. Elevation of LPR was found to precede the elevation of glycerol by 30\u201360 min. From these data, thresholds for the detection of hypoxic-ischemia-associated cerebral metabolic distress and neurological injury are suggested. In total, this work provides insight into the timing and mechanisms of neurological injury following hypoxic-ischemia and reports a quantitative relationship between hypoxic-ischemia severity and neurological injury that may inform DHCA management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12080737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T09:42:56Z","timestamp":1660124576000},"page":"737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Correlation of Cerebral Microdialysis with Non-Invasive Diffuse Optical Cerebral Hemodynamic Monitoring during Deep Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5113-0310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany S.","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constantine D.","family":"Mavroudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiac Center, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilie J.","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8978-2525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo M.","family":"Forti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Melchior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Perfusion Services, Cardiac Center, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy W.","family":"Boorady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18510, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent C.","family":"Morano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kobina","family":"Mensah-Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0043-8558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Aronowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiac Center, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Starr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tami M.","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Perfusion Services, Cardiac Center, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3033-9016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon C.","family":"Shade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Perfusion Services, Cardiac Center, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kellie L.","family":"Schiavo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Perfusion Services, Cardiac Center, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5196-2339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian R.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7955-5604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. William","family":"Gaynor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiac Center, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Licht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arjun G.","family":"Yodh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wesley B.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Kilbaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.11.033","article-title":"Brain Volume and Neurobehavior in Newborns with Complex Congenital Heart Defects","volume":"164","author":"Owen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3825","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Cardiac Surgery in Infancy","volume":"135","author":"Gaynor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2008.10.025","article-title":"Brain Maturation Is Delayed in Infants with Complex Congenital Heart Defects","volume":"137","author":"Licht","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2006.02.006","article-title":"The Near-Term (Late Preterm) Human Brain and Risk for Periventricular Leukomalacia: A Review","volume":"30","author":"Kinney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2003.09.053","article-title":"Periventricular Leukomalacia Is Common after Neonatal Cardiac Surgery","volume":"127","author":"Galli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001089","article-title":"New White Matter Brain Injury after Infant Heart Surgery Is Associated with Diagnostic Group and the Use of Circulatory Arrest","volume":"127","author":"Beca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003312","article-title":"Neurological Injury after Neonatal Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 2 Perfusion Techniques","volume":"129","author":"Algra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2020.12.005","article-title":"Does Supply Meet Demand? A Comparison of Perfusion Strategies on Cerebral Metabolism in a Neonatal Swine Model","volume":"163","author":"Mavroudis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2020.12.138","article-title":"Commentary: Everyone Is Winging It, Some Just Do It More Confidently","volume":"163","author":"Alsoufi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14512","article-title":"Developmental Outcomes after Early Surgery for Complex Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Huisenga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezx467","article-title":"Cerebral Mitochondrial Dysfunction Associated with Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest in Neonatal Swine","volume":"54","author":"Mavroudis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)00521-4","article-title":"Intermittent Perfusion Protects the Brain during Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest","volume":"68","author":"Langley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2001.112338","article-title":"Comparison of Neurologic Outcome after Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest with Alpha-Stat and PH-Stat Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Newborn Pigs","volume":"121","author":"Priestley","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2001.115242","article-title":"Prediction of Safe Duration of Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"122","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2005.02.058","article-title":"Tissue Oxygenation Index Is a Useful Monitor of Histologic and Neurologic Outcome after Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Piglets","volume":"130","author":"Hagino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.06.036","article-title":"Electroencephalographic Response to Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest in Neonatal Swine and Humans","volume":"106","author":"Mavroudis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034015","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3146814","article-title":"Diffuse Optical Monitoring of Hemodynamic Changes in Piglet Brain with Closed Head Injury","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/44\/6\/308","article-title":"Non-Invasive Optical Monitoring of the Newborn Piglet Brain Using Continuous-Wave and Frequency-Domain Spectroscopy","volume":"44","author":"Fantini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/1\/304","article-title":"Non-Invasive and Quantitative near-Infrared Haemoglobin Spectrometry in the Piglet Brain during Hypoxic Stress, Using a Frequency-Domain Multidistance Instrument","volume":"46","author":"Hueber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/11\/303","article-title":"Brain Perfusion Monitoring with Frequency-Domain and Continuous-Wave near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Cross-Correlation Study in Newborn Piglets","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200203000-00011","article-title":"Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Cerebral Oxygen Saturation Thresholds for Hypoxia\u2013Ischemia in Piglets","volume":"22","author":"Kurth","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18809828","article-title":"Non-Invasive Optical Neuromonitoring of the Temperature-Dependence of Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism during Deep Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Neonatal Swine","volume":"40","author":"Ko","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3828","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83270-5","article-title":"Non-Invasive Diffuse Optical Neuromonitoring during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Predicts Return of Spontaneous Circulation","volume":"11","author":"Ko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03297-4","article-title":"Epinephrine\u2019s Effects on Cerebrovascular and Systemic Hemodynamics during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation","volume":"24","author":"Mavroudis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4474","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.30.004474","article-title":"Frequency-Domain Reflectance for the Determination of the Scattering and Absorption Properties of Tissue","volume":"30","author":"Patterson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1117\/12.183988","article-title":"Frequency-Domain Multichannel Optical Detector for Noninvasive Tissue Spectroscopy and Oximetry","volume":"34","author":"Fantini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910300405","article-title":"Development of the Human Brain: In Vivo Quantification of Metabolite and Water Content with Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","volume":"30","author":"Kreis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"076701","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/73\/7\/076701","article-title":"Diffuse Optics for Tissue Monitoring and Tomography","volume":"73","author":"Durduran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.214","article-title":"Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism in Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease Quantified by MRI and Optics","volume":"34","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.001969","article-title":"Influences of Tissue Absorption and Scattering on Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy Blood Flow Measurements","volume":"2","author":"Irwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3930-y","article-title":"Consensus Statement from the 2014 International Microdialysis Forum","volume":"41","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"993","article-title":"Correlation of Cerebral and Subcutaneous Glycerol in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and Association with Tissue Damage","volume":"36","author":"Olivecrona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318186a4a0","article-title":"Persistent Metabolic Crisis as Measured by Elevated Cerebral Microdialysis Lactate-Pyruvate Ratio Predicts Chronic Frontal Lobe Brain Atrophy after Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"36","author":"Marcoux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paraforou, T., Paterakis, K., Fountas, K., Paraforos, G., Chovas, A., Tasiou, A., Mpakopoulou, M., Papadopoulos, D., Karavellis, A., and Komnos, A. (2011). Cerebral Perfusion Pressure, Microdialysis Biochemistry and Clinical Outcome in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. BMC Res. Notes, 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-540"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-017-3338-2","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Cerebral Microdialysis and Outcomes in TBI: Relationships to Patient Functional Outcome, Neurophysiologic Measures, and Tissue Outcome","volume":"159","author":"Zeiler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-009-1035-z","article-title":"Cerebral Energy Metabolism and Microdialysis in Neurocritical Care","volume":"26","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.4.486","article-title":"Interstitial Glycerol as a Marker for Membrane Phospholipid Degradation in the Acutely Injured Human Brain","volume":"64","author":"Hillered","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0359","article-title":"Validation of Brain Extracellular Glycerol as an Indicator of Cellular Membrane Damage Due to Free Radical Activity after Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"25","author":"Merenda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"701","article-title":"Intracerebral Microdialysis in Clinical Practice: Baseline Values for Chemical Markers during Wakefulness, Anesthesia, and Neurosurgery","volume":"47","author":"Reinstrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"30","article-title":"JMASM 49: A Compilation of Some Popular Goodness of Fit Tests for Normal Distribution: Their Algorithms and MATLAB Codes (MATLAB)","volume":"16","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mod. Appl. Stat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"359","article-title":"Clinical Cerebral Microdialysis-Determining the True Extracellular Concentration","volume":"81","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1670-9","article-title":"Clinical Pathophysiology of Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury after Cardiac Arrest: A \u201cTwo-Hit\u201d Model","volume":"21","author":"Sekhon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201643426","article-title":"The Ins and Outs of Endoplasmic Reticulum-controlled Lipid Biosynthesis","volume":"18","author":"Jacquemyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.07.006","article-title":"Astrocyte-Neuron Metabolic Cooperation Shapes Brain Activity","volume":"33","author":"Bonvento","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2009.04.017","article-title":"Brain Preservation with Selective Cerebral Perfusion for Operations Requiring Circulatory Arrest: Protection at 25 \u00b0C Is Similar to 18 \u00b0C with Shorter Operating Times","volume":"36","author":"Salazar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03074.x","article-title":"Cerebral Metabolism during Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest vs Moderate Hypothermic Selective Cerebral Perfusion in a Piglet Model: A Microdialysis Study","volume":"19","author":"Cavus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Paediatr. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1510\/icvts.2008.200048","article-title":"Selective Antegrade Cerebral Perfusion at Two Different Temperatures Compared to Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest\u2014An Experimental Study in the Pig with Microdialysis","volume":"8","author":"Jonsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000220","article-title":"Is Selective Antegrade Cerebral Perfusion Superior to Retrograde Cerebral Perfusion for Brain Protection during Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest? Metabolic Evidence from Microdialysis","volume":"42","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612043384105","article-title":"Microdialysis in Neurointensive Care","volume":"10","author":"Ungerstedt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00027.2007","article-title":"Diffusion in Brain Extracellular Space","volume":"88","author":"Nicholson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-010-0276-2","article-title":"Acute Depression of Energy Metabolism after Microdialysis Probe Implantation Is Distinct from Ischemia-Induced Changes in Mouse Brain","volume":"36","author":"Sumbria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542976","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/542976","article-title":"Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in the Developing Brain: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species Originating in Mitochondria","volume":"2012","author":"Ten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00276.2018","article-title":"Interindividual and Regional Relationship between Cerebral Blood Flow and Glucose Metabolism in the Resting Brain","volume":"125","author":"Henriksen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/12\/8\/737\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:06:37Z","timestamp":1760141197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/12\/8\/737"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo12080737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo12080737","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]}}}