{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:31:10Z","timestamp":1793212270541,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Menopause is an aging process and an important time equivalent to one-third of a woman\u2019s lifetime. Menopause significantly increases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD)\/metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MFFLD), and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Women experience a variety of symptoms in the perimenopausal period, and these symptoms are distressing for most women. Many factors worsen a woman\u2019s menopausal experience, and controlling these factors may be a strategy to improve postmenopausal women\u2019s health. This review aimed to confirm the association between menopause and metabolic diseases (especially MetS), including pathophysiology, definition, prevalence, diagnosis, management, and prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12100954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T04:00:02Z","timestamp":1665288002000},"page":"954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Metabolic Disorders in Menopause"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8608-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye Gyeong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Inchon-ro, Seoul 02841, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuntae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Inchon-ro, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2020, April 08). World Population Prospects 2019. Available online: https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/Download\/Standard\/Population."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hetzel, L., and Smith, A. (2001). The 65 Years and over Population: 2000, Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR\/01-10."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-006-0351-5","article-title":"Gender differences in the metabolic syndrome and their role for cardiovascular disease","volume":"95","author":"Lehmkuhl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, S.H., and Kim, H.S. (2020). Menopause-Associated Lipid Metabolic Disorders and Foods Beneficial for Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010202"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161116666180904094149","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome During Menopause","volume":"17","author":"Mumusoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001728","article-title":"The genitourinary syndrome of menopause","volume":"28","author":"Phillips","year":"2021","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2021.01418","article-title":"Update on hormone therapy for the management of postmenopausal women","volume":"16","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.180","article-title":"Symptoms of menopause\u2014Global prevalence, physiology and implications","volume":"14","author":"Monteleone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-01022-x","article-title":"Metabolic health, menopause, and physical activity-a 4-year follow-up study","volume":"46","author":"Hyvarinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32381-9","article-title":"Future life expectancy in 35 industrialised countries: Projections with a Bayesian model ensemble","volume":"389","author":"Kontis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12206","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with lifestyle and cardiovascular biomarkers among postmenopausal women in western Algeria","volume":"138","author":"Khalfa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0006","article-title":"Ovarian aging: Mechanisms and clinical consequences","volume":"30","author":"Broekmans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2015.07.001","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Menopause: Pathophysiology, Clinical and Diagnostic Significance","volume":"72","author":"Stefanska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31824d8f40","article-title":"Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: Addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging","volume":"19","author":"Harlow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(91)90286-Y","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of women\u2019s attitudes toward the menopause: Results from the Massachusetts Women\u2019s Health Study","volume":"13","author":"Avis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"89","article-title":"Menarche, menopause, and intervening fecundability","volume":"46","author":"Treloar","year":"1974","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(99)00095-X","article-title":"Determinants of age at menopause in Italy: Results from a large cross-sectional study. ICARUS Study Group. Italian Climacteric Research Group Study","volume":"34","author":"Meschia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)81482-3","article-title":"Age at natural menopause in a population-based screening cohort: The role of menarche, fecundity, and lifestyle factors","volume":"68","author":"Dubas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136601","article-title":"Follicular status at the menopause","volume":"2","author":"Gosden","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0016","article-title":"Estrogen and cognitive functioning in women","volume":"24","author":"Sherwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.009","article-title":"Disruption of aromatase homeostasis as the cause of a multiplicity of ailments: A comprehensive review","volume":"168","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024211044441","article-title":"The influence of endogenous and exogenous hormonal factors on migraine in spontaneous postmenopausal women: A nationwide population-based study in South Korea","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001575","article-title":"The effect of menopause on metabolic syndrome: Cross-sectional results from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging","volume":"27","author":"Christakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.109458","article-title":"Premature menopause","volume":"3","author":"Okeke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001899","article-title":"Management of cardiovascular disease in women with premature ovarian insufficiency: Critical quality appraisal of clinical guidelines and algorithm development","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt026","article-title":"Relationship between obesity and obesity-related morbidities weakens with aging","volume":"69","author":"Canning","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013471","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013471","article-title":"Impact of Discrepancies in General and Abdominal Obesity on Major Adverse Cardiac Events","volume":"8","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01616-2","article-title":"Aging and changes in adiposity indices: The impact of menopause","volume":"45","author":"Farahmand","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20974","article-title":"Covariation of change in bioavailable testosterone and adiposity in midlife women","volume":"23","author":"Janssen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm244","article-title":"Adiposity and reporting of vasomotor symptoms among midlife women: The study of women\u2019s health across the nation","volume":"167","author":"Thurston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00361-3","article-title":"Central abdominal fat and endogenous hormones during the menopausal transition","volume":"79","author":"Guthrie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12331","article-title":"FSH regulates fat accumulation and redistribution in aging through the G\u03b1i\/Ca(2+)\/CREB pathway","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e318038d333","article-title":"Surgical menopause and cardiovascular risks","volume":"14","author":"Lobo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2008.02.025","article-title":"Bilateral oophorectomy before 50 years of age is significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome and Framingham risk score: A controlled, population-based study (HUNT-2)","volume":"109","author":"Tonstad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-015-0253-3","article-title":"Surgical menopause versus natural menopause and cardio-metabolic disturbances: A 12-year population-based cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Farahmand","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2013.856400","article-title":"Does metabolic syndrome or its components differ in naturally and surgically menopausal women?","volume":"17","author":"Farahmand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"59","article-title":"Metabolic disorders in menopause","volume":"14","author":"Stachowiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prz. Menopauzalny"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.04.008","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and factors associated with its components in Chinese adults","volume":"58","author":"Zuo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanam, M.A., Qiu, C., Lindeboom, W., Streatfield, P.K., Kabir, Z.N., and Wahlin, \u00c5. (2011). The metabolic syndrome: Prevalence, associated factors, and impact on survival among older persons in rural Bangladesh. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020259"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.14.1568","article-title":"Menopause and the metabolic syndrome: The Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation","volume":"168","author":"Janssen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-12-1","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and menopause","volume":"12","author":"Jouyandeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation","volume":"15","author":"Alberti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001). Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA, 285, 2486\u20132497.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.9.S2.5","article-title":"American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Einhorn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67402-8","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome\u2014A new worldwide definition","volume":"366","author":"Alberti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.026","article-title":"Hyperinsulinaemia, a key factor of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women","volume":"62","author":"Gaspard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2013.09.012","article-title":"Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ","volume":"18","author":"McGown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E131","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v34i3.15185","article-title":"Association of serum cortisol levels with parameters of metabolic syndrome in men and women","volume":"34","author":"Esteghamati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181559860","article-title":"Postmenopausal status according to years since menopause as an independent risk factor for the metabolic syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.4.427","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome: Prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994","volume":"163","author":"Park","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.12.1999","article-title":"Education and the metabolic syndrome in women","volume":"22","author":"Wamala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14548","article-title":"Comparison of MAFLD and NAFLD diagnostic criteria in real world","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.09.013","article-title":"NAFLD, MAFLD and DAFLD","volume":"52","author":"Mantovani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14478","article-title":"What\u2019s in a name? Renaming \u2018NAFLD\u2019 to \u2018MAFLD\u2019","volume":"40","author":"Fouad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), and European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) (2016). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Obes. Facts, 9, 65\u201390.","DOI":"10.1159\/000443344"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","article-title":"A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement","volume":"73","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.09.021","article-title":"Hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and NASH: Cause or consequence?","volume":"68","author":"Lonardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13731","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13731","article-title":"The advantages of physical exercise as a preventive strategy against NAFLD in postmenopausal women","volume":"52","author":"Furtado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70034-8","article-title":"Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: The effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kalyani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishikawa, H., Asai, A., Fukunishi, S., Nishiguchi, S., and Higuchi, K. (2021). Metabolic Syndrome and Sarcopenia. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103519"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio-Ruiz, M.E., Guarner-Lans, V., P\u00e9rez-Torres, I., and Soto, M.E. (2019). Mechanisms Underlying Metabolic Syndrome-Related Sarcopenia and Possible Therapeutic Measures. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030647"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Baeyens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.12.004","article-title":"Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: Joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) \"cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases\" and \"nutrition in geriatrics\"","volume":"29","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.01.003","article-title":"Sarcopenia: An undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: Prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia","volume":"12","author":"Fielding","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.04.014","article-title":"Sarcopenia with limited mobility: An international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Morley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu010","article-title":"The FNIH sarcopenia project: Rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates","volume":"69","author":"Studenski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.11.025","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Asia: Consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/64.3.472S","article-title":"Clinical detection of sarcopenic obesity by bioelectrical impedance analysis","volume":"64","author":"Heber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328312c37d","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: Definition, cause and consequences","volume":"11","author":"Stenholm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2012.707385","article-title":"Understanding weight gain at menopause","volume":"15","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.2014","article-title":"Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999\u20132008","volume":"303","author":"Flegal","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh299","article-title":"Physical activity and changes in weight and waist circumference in midlife women: Findings from the Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation","volume":"160","author":"Sternfeld","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karvonen-Gutierrez, C., and Kim, C. (2016). Association of Mid-Life Changes in Body Size, Body Composition and Obesity Status with the Menopausal Transition. Healthcare, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare4030042"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2005.07.009","article-title":"A longitudinal study of cognition change during early menopausal transition in a rural community","volume":"53","author":"Fuh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000443003","article-title":"Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Chinese Adults: Role of Adiposity Indicators and Age","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2004.01.010","article-title":"Anthropometric measurements in the elderly population of Santiago, Chile","volume":"20","author":"Santos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbat\u00f3n Anchuelo, A., Mart\u00ednez-Larrad, M.T., Serrano-Garc\u00eda, I., Fern\u00e1ndez P\u00e9rez, C., and Serrano-R\u00edos, M. (2019). Body fat anthropometric indexes: Which of those identify better high cardiovascular risk subjects? A comparative study in Spanish population. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216877"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001419","article-title":"Comparison of anthropometric indices for the screening of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in pre- and postmenopausal women","volume":"27","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0094","article-title":"Comparison of various adiposity indexes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normo-ovulatory non-hirsute women: A population-based study","volume":"171","author":"Minooee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maessen, M.F., Eijsvogels, T.M., Verheggen, R.J., Hopman, M.T., Verbeek, A.L., and de Vegt, F. (2014). Entering a new era of body indices: The feasibility of a body shape index and body roundness index to identify cardiovascular health status. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107212"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.01.06.dc05-1805","article-title":"The lipid accumulation product is better than BMI for identifying diabetes: A population-based comparison","volume":"29","author":"Kahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.16.1867","article-title":"Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: The Framingham experience","volume":"162","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21461","article-title":"Body shape, adiposity index, and mortality in postmenopausal women: Findings from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"24","author":"Thomson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2005.00545.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women","volume":"8","author":"Salpeter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, D., Li, J., Yuan, Z., and Liu, X. (2013). Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular outcomes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062329"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn299","article-title":"Association between hormone replacement therapy and subsequent arterial and venous vascular events: A meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Sare","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39555.441944.BE","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"336","author":"Canonico","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00797.x","article-title":"Hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"113","author":"Magliano","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77534-9","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of effects of menopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular diseases","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boardman, H.M., Hartley, L., Eisinga, A., Main, C., Roqu\u00e9 i Figuls, M., Bonfill Cosp, X., Gabriel Sanchez, R., and Knight, B. (2015). Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD002229.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002229.pub4"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"123","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-regression analysis to examine the \u2018timing hypothesis\u2019 of hormone replacement therapy on mortality, coronary heart disease, and stroke","volume":"22","author":"Nudy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy039","article-title":"The route of administration, timing, duration and dose of postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular outcomes in women: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Glisic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.2.434","article-title":"Nutritional risk and the metabolic syndrome in women: Opportunities for preventive intervention from the Framingham Nutrition Study","volume":"84","author":"Millen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.1.265S","article-title":"The economics of obesity: Dietary energy density and energy cost","volume":"82","author":"Drewnowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2010.02.018","article-title":"Dietary patterns and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean women","volume":"21","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.04.007","article-title":"A low-fat dietary pattern and risk of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women: The Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"61","author":"Neuhouser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000400","article-title":"Dietary changes associated with improvement of metabolic syndrome components in postmenopausal women receiving two different nutrition interventions","volume":"22","year":"2015","journal-title":"Menopause"}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/12\/10\/954\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:48:04Z","timestamp":1760143684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/12\/10\/954"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo12100954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo12100954","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]}}}