{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T17:35:18Z","timestamp":1784223318118,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013302","name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC17\/093\/R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC17\/093\/R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bark extract of Rhizophora mucronata (BERM) was recently reported for its prominent in vitro protective effects against liver cell line toxicity caused by various toxicants, including ethanol. Here, we aimed to verify the in vivo hepatoprotective effects of BERM against ethanol intoxication with the prediction of potential targets employing in silico studies. An oral administration of different concentrations (100, 200 and 400 mg\/kg body weight) of BERM before high-dose ethanol via intraperitoneal injection was performed in mice. On day 7, liver sections were dissected for histopathological examination. The ethanol intoxication caused liver injury and large areas of necrosis. The pre-BERM administration decreased the ethanol-induced liver damage marker tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) expression, reduced hepatotoxicity revealed by nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation and decreased oxidative stress indicated by malondialdehyde and glutathione contents. Our in silico studies have identified BERM-derived metabolites exhibiting the highest predicted antioxidant and free radical scavenger activities. Molecular docking studies showed that most of the metabolites were predicted to be enzyme inhibitors such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, which were reported to stimulate the antioxidant defense system. The metabolites predominantly presented acceptable pharmacokinetics and safety profiles, suggesting them as promising new antioxidant agents. Altogether, the BERM extract exerts antioxidative activities and shows promising hepatoprotective effects against ethanol intoxication. Identification of related bioactive compounds will be of interest for future use at physiological concentrations in ethanol-intoxicated individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12111021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T02:47:26Z","timestamp":1666752446000},"page":"1021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Mangrove) Bark Extract Reduces Ethanol-Induced Liver Cell Death and Oxidative Stress in Swiss Albino Mice: In Vivo and In Silico Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chitra","family":"Jairaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PG & Research Department of Biotechnology, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts & Science, Shollinganallur, Chennai 600119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7185-2820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeyad I.","family":"Alehaideb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard\u2014Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0233-1105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Ali Mohamed","family":"Yacoob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PG & Research Department of Biotechnology, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts & Science, Shollinganallur, Chennai 600119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2770-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar S.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard\u2014Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, KSAU-HS, MNGHA, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6323-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasha S.","family":"Suliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard\u2014Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, KSAU-HS, MNGHA, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuradha","family":"Venkataraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PG & Research Department of Biochemistry, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts & Science, Shollinganallur, Chennai 600119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bandar","family":"Alghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard\u2014Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5133-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senthilkumar","family":"Sivanesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Institute of Biotechnology, SIMATS, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajagopalan","family":"Vijayaraghavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saranya","family":"Rameshbabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PG & Research Department of Biotechnology, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts & Science, Shollinganallur, Chennai 600119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7915-7606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shree Mukilan","family":"Pari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 48072, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4372-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Matou-Nasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Therapy and Cancer Research Department, KAIMRC, KSAU-HS, MNGHA, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30062-1","article-title":"Projected prevalence and mortality associated with alcohol-related liver disease in the USA, 2019\u201340: A modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Julien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Heal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e471","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00047-X","article-title":"Chronic liver diseases must be reduced worldwide: It is time to 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