{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T15:55:10Z","timestamp":1780415710436,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU)","award":["RG-26-166-43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-26-166-43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Euclea divinorum Hiern is a medicinal plant widely distributed in the northeast parts of South Africa. This plant has been used to treat miscarriage and to alleviate gastrointestinal problems. It can also be used externally for the treatment of ulcers and gonorrhea. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical composition of E. divinorum leaf extract using LC-MS and explored its antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo. The total polyphenolic content of the extract was determined by the Folin\u2013Ciocalteu method. DPPH and FRAP assays were employed to confirm the plant\u2019s antioxidant potential in vitro. A survival assay in the Caenorhabditis elegans model was used to evaluate the extract\u2019s ability to counteract juglone-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, a docking study was performed for the extract\u2019s metabolites, in order to predict possible molecular targets that could explain the antioxidant effect of the plant on a molecular level. This in silico approach was accomplished on three different proteins; xanthine oxidase enzyme, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Docking scores of the resulting poses and their interactions with binding sites\u2019 residues were explored for each protein and were compared to those of simultaneously docked respective co-crystallized and reference substrates. The extract furnished promising antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo in the C. elegans model that might be attributed to the presence of 46 compounds, which showed several interactions and low binding scores with the tested enzymes. In conclusion, E. divinorum is a promising, safe, and effective antioxidant candidate that could be used to ameliorate oxidative stress-related disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12111031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"1031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Euclea divinorum Hiern: Chemical Profiling of the Leaf Extract and Its Antioxidant Activity In Silico, In Vitro and in Caenorhabditis elegans Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5974-6235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanin A.","family":"Bogari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2353-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasha M. H.","family":"Rashied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A. O.","family":"Abdelfattah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0208-1612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rania T.","family":"Malatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5467-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roaa M.","family":"Khinkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawan H.","family":"Hareeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7875-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Wink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2719-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansour","family":"Sobeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"AgroBioSciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir 43150, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Halliwell, B., and Gutteridge, J.M.C. 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