{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:55:54Z","timestamp":1787028954061,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,5]],"date-time":"2022-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, with a continuously growing prevalence. The pathophysiology of the disease is complex and includes several mechanisms, with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance playing a major role. It is crucial to diagnose NAFLD before it advances to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis, presented by its complications which include ascites, portal hypertension, bleeding varices and encephalopathy. Another important complication of NAFLD and cirrhosis is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a cancer with increasing incidence and poor prognosis. Even with the growing prevalence of NAFLD, diagnosis via liver biopsies is unrealistic, considering the costs and complications. Noninvasive tests, including serum biomarkers and elastography, are cost-effective and convenient, thereby replacing liver biopsies in diagnosing and excluding liver fibrosis. However, currently, these noninvasive tests have several limitations, such as variability, inadequate accuracy and risk factors for error. The limitations and variability of these tests comet the investigator to propose combining them in diagnostic algorithms to produce more accurate tools. Identifying patients with significant fibrosis is important for targeted therapies to prevent disease progression. Effective screening using noninvasive tests can be crucial for patient risk stratification and early diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12111073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T03:02:22Z","timestamp":1667790142000},"page":"1073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease\u2014A Concise Review of Noninvasive Tests and Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tamara","family":"Bassal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2210001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maamoun","family":"Basheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2210001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Boulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2210001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2279-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nimer","family":"Assy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2210001, Israel"},{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312","article-title":"MAFLD: A Consensus-Driven Proposed Nomenclature for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"158","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i22.3375","article-title":"What about non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a new criterion to define metabolic syndrome?","volume":"19","author":"Tarantino","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. 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