{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:57:52Z","timestamp":1790949472187,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Young and middle-aged academic and technical leaders reserve talents of Yunnan province, China","award":["202205AC160078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205AC160078"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yaks have strong adaptability to extremely cold and hypoxic conditions but are susceptible to high ambient temperature when yaks are raised in low-altitude areas during the high-temperature season. Twenty-four adult male yaks with similar weights and ages were randomly divided into TN (Thermoneutral, altitude = 3464 m), LHS (Light heat stress, altitude = 1960 m), and MHS (Medium heat stress, altitude = 906 m) groups to evaluate adaptation strategies to HS. Non-targeted and targeted metabolomics were applied to investigate the effects of different extents of HS on yaks. LHS- and MHS-yaks showed higher rectal temperatures and respiratory rates than TN-yaks. MHS-yaks had higher levels of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), whole blood relative index of middle shear at a shear rate of 5 S\u22121 (WMS), whole blood relative index of high shear at a shear rate of 200 S\u22121 (WHS), Casson viscosity (CV), middle shear flow resistance at a shear rate of 5 S\u22121 (MSFR), and high shear flow resistance at a shear rate of 200 S\u22121 (HSFR) as compared to TN- and LHS-yaks. Differential metabolites and metabolic pathways, including fatty acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, were altered by HS. Metabolites in the glucose metabolism pathway in LHS- and MHS-yaks were lower than those in TN-yaks. However, LHS-yaks showed higher levels of metabolites in the HIF-1 signaling pathway compared to TN- and MHS-yaks. Most of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates and fatty acids were significantly decreased in MHS-yaks compared to the other two groups. As a whole, yaks raised at a low altitude (25.6 \u00b0C) suffered from severe HS, but they adapted to HS with vasodilatation for dissipating heat and the increased antioxidants and metabolite levels of energy substrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12111082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T10:54:40Z","timestamp":1667904880000},"page":"1082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Physiological and Metabolic Adaptation to Heat Stress at Different Altitudes in Yaks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shuli","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6175-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaobing","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-018-01530-y","article-title":"Genomic copy number variation of the chkb gene alters gene expression and affects growth traits of Chinese domestic yak (Bos grunniens) breeds","volume":"294","author":"Goshu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. 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