{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T22:57:33Z","timestamp":1767913053830,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, with the drastic increase in worldwide pollution rates, considerable attention has been paid to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that might lead to serious health problems, e.g., cancer. As there appears to be a notable lack of research on the pollution (specifically, VOCs) of water bodies in Morocco, we aimed to assess the occurrence of VOCs in some uncontrolled springs in the north of Morocco that have not been previously investigated. We also discuss the estimation of health risks posed by ingestion and dermal contact as well as the different potential origins of these pollutants. For this purpose, water samples were collected from twenty-six sampling sites and were analyzed via headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Out of the 60 suspected VOCs, a total of 15 compounds belonging to five distinct groups were identified and quantified. Among them, fumigants, solvents, and gasoline hydrocarbons were the most abundant groups, with proportions of 40%, 26.7%, and 20%, respectively. A heatmap clustered the provinces based on their degree of pollution, while a dendrogram was used to classify the studied springs into six main groups. Regarding carcinogenic risk, all the samples were safe for consumption as well as for dermal contact, except for S17, S18, and S8, and S19, which might present a severe threat to inhabitants due to their contents of, respectively, naphthalene (2.1 \u00d7 10\u22123), chloroform (2.5 \u00d7 10\u22124), and cis and trans-dichlropropene (1.61 \u00d7 10\u22124 and 1.11 \u00d7 10\u22124). Our investigation revealed several anthropogenic sources of water contamination, which could aid authorities in limiting contamination spread in water bodies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12121213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T01:42:21Z","timestamp":1670204541000},"page":"1213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Preliminary Assessment of Occurrence, Potential Origin, and Human Health Risk of Volatile Organic Compounds in Uncontrolled Springs, North Morocco"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3101-1912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wafae","family":"Lechhab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Tangier, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tangier 90090, Morocco"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell\u2019Annunziata, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3022-7911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Cincotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell\u2019Annunziata, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0239-3410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Touria","family":"Lechhab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Tangier, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tangier 90090, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Condurso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell\u2019Annunziata, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farida","family":"Salmoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Tangier, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tangier 90090, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1296-7633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Cacciola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Verzera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell\u2019Annunziata, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNICEF, and World Health Organization (2020, March 16). WHO|Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000\u20132017:Special Focus on Inequalities, New York, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/publications\/jmp-report-2019\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1029\/1998WR900030","article-title":"Evaluation of the atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds in shallow groundwater","volume":"35","author":"Baehr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zogorski, J.S. (2006). 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