{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T17:23:05Z","timestamp":1770139385526,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Research University Higher School of Economics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a prevalent disorder. The search for biomarkers may contribute to new knowledge about molecular pathogenesis and treatment. Since oxidative stress and micronutrient imbalance play a key role in the development of mental disorders, we aimed to study salivary antioxidant capacity and magnesium in patients with GAD in an anxiety model of solving problems with increasing complexity. The study subgroup consisted of 15 patients with GAD, and 17 healthy volunteers of the same age made up the control subgroup. Participants took a test with six levels of difficulty, which included false feedback. In this test, the participants were asked to remember the colors of balloons and react when the color changed. The reaction time, the number of correct answers, as well as biochemical parameters such as the antioxidant capacity of saliva and salivary magnesium, were assessed. There was no difference in the results of the quest between the subgroups; however, anxious participants spent more time at the moment of experimental frustration due to incorrect feedback and additional negative psycho-emotional load. Antioxidant capacity did not differ between the subgroups both before and after the experimental session. Average antioxidant capacity also did not change significantly at the endpoint of the experiment. However, the endpoint antioxidant capacity correlated negatively with the reaction time in anxious patients in the second block (where the false feedback as a frustrating factor appeared). Magnesium was initially significantly higher in the group of anxious participants and decreased at the experiment endpoint; in healthy patients, there were no changes in salivary magnesium at the endpoint. In conclusion, the compensatory potential of oxidative metabolism and magnesium in patients with GAD was spent with additional psycho-emotional stress, in contrast to healthy individuals, but it was sufficient to avoid exhaustion during experimental frustrating exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13010073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T02:33:21Z","timestamp":1672713201000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Salivary Antioxidant Capacity and Magnesium in Generalized Anxiety Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8243-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena V.","family":"Proskurnina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., 115522 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1016-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystsina M.","family":"Liaukovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerova St., 117485 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyubov S.","family":"Bychkovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., 115522 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2383-1697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan V.","family":"Mikheev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4001-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgenia I.","family":"Alshanskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, HSE University, 20 Myasnitskaya St., 101000 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5577-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail A.","family":"Proskurnin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9047-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga V.","family":"Martynova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerova St., 117485 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, HSE University, 20 Myasnitskaya St., 101000 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Galina V.","family":"Portnova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerova St., 117485 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ITC49","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC201904020","article-title":"Generalized Anxiety Disorder","volume":"170","author":"DeMartini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. 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