{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:45:04Z","timestamp":1760147104639,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/50316-7","09\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/50316-7","09\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PRPq UFMG","award":["2014\/50316-7","09\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/50316-7","09\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES)","award":["2014\/50316-7","09\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/50316-7","09\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is a tropical and neglected disease caused by the parasitic protozoa Toxplasma gondii. Conventional treatment with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine plus folinic acid, has some drawbacks, such as inefficacy in the chronic phase, toxic side effects, and potential cases of resistance have been observed. In this study, the activity of essential oils (EOs) from three Piper species and their main constituents, including \u03b1-Pinene (Piper lindbergii and P. cernuum), \u03b2-Pinene (P. cernuum), and dillapiole (P. aduncum), were evaluated against tachyzoites of T. gondii. \u03b1-Pinene was more active [(IC50 0.3265 (0.2958 to 0.3604) \u03bcg\/mL)] against tachyzoites than P. lindbergii EO [0.8387 (0.6492 to 1.084) \u03bcg\/mL]. Both \u03b1-Pinene and P. lindbergii EO exhibited low cytotoxicity against NHDF cells, with CC50 41.37 (37.64 to 45.09) \u00b5g\/mL and 83.80 (75.42 to 91.34) \u00b5g\/mL, respectively, suggesting they could be of potential use against toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13010095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T07:28:10Z","timestamp":1673249290000},"page":"95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In Vitro Activity of Essential Oils from Piper Species (Piperaceae) against Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Adalberto Alves","family":"Pereira Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana Maciel","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Alves Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Fumiko Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3315-2129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massuo","family":"Jorge Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9rica S.","family":"Martins-Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daher, D., Shaghlil, A., Sobh, E., Hamie, M., Hassan, M.E., Moumneh, M.B., Itani, S., El Hajj, R., Tawk, L., and El Sabban, M. (2021). Comprehensive Overview of Toxoplasma Gondii-Induced and Associated Diseases. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111351"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00057-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057-17","article-title":"Treatment of Toxoplasmosis: Historical Perspective, Animal Models, and Current Clinical Practice","volume":"31","author":"Dunay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01405-7","article-title":"The One Health Approach to Toxoplasmosis: Epidemiology, Control, and Prevention Strategies","volume":"16","author":"Aguirre","year":"2019","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","article-title":"Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, H.-X., Wei, S.-S., Lindsay, D.S., and Peng, H.-J. (2015). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Anti-Toxoplasma Gondii Medicines in Humans. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138204"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-017-0206-8","article-title":"Adverse Event Profile of Pyrimethamine-Based Therapy in Toxoplasmosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"17","author":"Goodwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs RD"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001120","article-title":"Treatment of Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Safety of the Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Combination in Children Based on a Method of Causality Assessment","volume":"35","author":"Teil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-021-00795-9","article-title":"Sulfonamide Drugs: Structure, Antibacterial Property, Toxicity, and Biophysical Interactions","volume":"13","author":"Ovung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.05.001","article-title":"Efficacy of Sulfadiazine and Pyrimetamine for Treatment of Experimental Toxoplasmosis with Strains Obtained from Human Cases of Congenital Disease in Brazil","volume":"202","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150459","article-title":"Pathogenicity and Phenotypic Sulfadiazine Resistance of Toxoplasma Gondii Isolates Obtained from Livestock in Northeastern Brazil","volume":"111","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02587","article-title":"Drug Resistance in Toxoplasma Gondii","volume":"9","author":"Montazeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160361","article-title":"Linalool, a Piper Aduncum Essential Oil Component, Has Selective Activity against Trypanosoma Cruzi Trypomastigote Forms at 4 \u00b0C","volume":"112","author":"Villamizar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1351022","article-title":"In Vitro Antiparasitic Activity and Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil Obtained from the Fruits of Piper Cubeba","volume":"79","author":"Esperandim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017000452","article-title":"Nerolidol, the Main Constituent of Piper Aduncum Essential Oil, Has Anti- Leishmania Braziliensis Activity","volume":"144","author":"Ceole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17021819","article-title":"Chemical and Biological Analyses of the Essential Oils and Main Constituents of Piper Species","volume":"17","author":"Amaral","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760140332","article-title":"Therapeutic Switching: From Antidermatophytic Essential Oils to New Leishmanicidal Products","volume":"110","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12986","article-title":"New Alkenyl Derivative from Piper Malacophyllum and Analogues: Antiparasitic Activity against Trypanosoma Cruzi and Leishmania Infantum","volume":"90","author":"Varela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leesombun, A., Boonmasawai, S., Shimoda, N., and Nishikawa, Y. (2016). Effects of Extracts from Thai Piperaceae Plants against Infection with Toxoplasma Gondii. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156116"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200219666180723144850","article-title":"Essential Oils: Extraction Techniques, Pharmaceutical And Therapeutic Potential\u2014A Review","volume":"19","author":"Aziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s13744-015-0356-8","article-title":"Lethal and Inhibitory Activities of Plant-Derived Essential Oils against Bemisia Tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Biotype B in Tomato","volume":"45","author":"Fanela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neotrop. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685864","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.685864","article-title":"Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils From Piper Species against Strains of Aedes Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Resistant to Pyrethroids","volume":"12","author":"Pessoa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2021.116467","article-title":"In Vitro Activity of N-Phenyl-1,10-Phenanthroline-2-Amines against Tachyzoites and Bradyzoites of Toxoplasma Gondii","volume":"50","author":"Portes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201600133","article-title":"Chemodiversity Associated with Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Piper Aduncum Var","volume":"13","author":"Montes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ossanum. Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109429","article-title":"Eugenia Piauhiensis Vellaff. Essential Oil and \u03b3-Elemene Its Major Constituent Exhibit Antileishmanial Activity, Promoting Cell Membrane Damage and in Vitro Immunomodulation","volume":"339","author":"Nunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6152489","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6152489","article-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii Modulates the Host Cell Responses: An Overview of Apoptosis Pathways","volume":"2019","author":"Mammari","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2012346","article-title":"The Pathogenicity and Virulence of Toxoplasma Gondii","volume":"12","author":"Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72230-0","article-title":"Copaifera Spp. Oleoresins Impair Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Both Human Trophoblastic Cells and Human Placental Explants","volume":"10","author":"Teixeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.podrm.2020.07.005","article-title":"Validation of In-Vitro Bioassay Methods: Application in Herbal Drug Research","volume":"Volume 46","author":"Indrayanto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00114-z","article-title":"Natural Products in Drug Discovery: Advances and Opportunities","volume":"20","author":"Atanasov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4466","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00903-08","article-title":"Inhibition of Toxoplasma Gondii by Indirubin and Tryptanthrin Analogs","volume":"52","author":"Krivogorsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(01)00064-9","article-title":"Development of a High Throughput in Vitro Toxicity Screen Predictive of High Acute in Vivo Toxic Potential","volume":"15","author":"Evans","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2144","article-title":"Innovative Lead Discovery Strategies for Tropical Diseases","volume":"5","author":"Nwaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000200010","article-title":"Chemistry, Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of the Essential Oil from Piper Auritum","volume":"105","author":"Monzote","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/13\/1\/95\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:01:57Z","timestamp":1760119317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/13\/1\/95"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo13010095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo13010095","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2218-1989"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]}}}