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preventing and treating hepatic lipid accumulation that occurs with metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. We have previously demonstrated that mice with hyperbilirubinemia had significantly less lipid accumulation in a diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model. However, bilirubin\u2019s effects on individual lipid species are currently unknown. Therefore, we used liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) to determine the hepatic lipid composition of obese mice with NAFLD treated with bilirubin nanoparticles or vehicle control. We placed the mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks and then treated them with bilirubin nanoparticles or vehicle control for 4 weeks while maintaining the HFD. Bilirubin nanoparticles suppressed hepatic fat content overall. After analyzing the lipidomics data, we determined that bilirubin inhibited the accumulation of ceramides in the liver. The bilirubin nanoparticles significantly lowered the hepatic expression of two essential enzymes that regulate ceramide production, Sgpl1 and Degs1. Our results demonstrate that the bilirubin nanoparticles improve hepatic fat content by reducing ceramide production, remodeling the liver fat content, and improving overall metabolic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13020215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T05:33:53Z","timestamp":1675229633000},"page":"215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Bilirubin Nanoparticle Treatment in Obese Mice Inhibits Hepatic Ceramide Production and Remodels Liver Fat Content"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7344-7469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary A.","family":"Kipp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4593-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genesee J.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4157-2481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyn A.","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0290-5180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agil B.","family":"Maharramov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8141-7788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert M.","family":"Flight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"},{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3995-5368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hunter N.B.","family":"Moseley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"},{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1910-4865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8359-4008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Stec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7599-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Terry D.","family":"Hinds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"},{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"},{"name":"Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00165-0","article-title":"The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Riazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. 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