{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:50:40Z","timestamp":1792497040354,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","award":["DHHS\/HRSA 1H1SMC10654-01-00 RICHARDS 08-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DHHS\/HRSA 1H1SMC10654-01-00 RICHARDS 08-"]}]},{"name":"Regional Obstetrical Consultants, Chattanooga, TN","award":["DHHS\/HRSA 1H1SMC10654-01-00 RICHARDS 08-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DHHS\/HRSA 1H1SMC10654-01-00 RICHARDS 08-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fetal growth restriction is an obstetrical pathological condition that causes high neonatal mortality and morbidity. The mechanisms of its onset are not completely understood. Metabolites were extracted from 493 placentas from non-complicated pregnancies in Hamilton Country, TN (USA), and analyzed by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS). Newborns were classified according to raw fetal weight (low birth weight (LBW; &lt;2500 g) and non-low birth weight (Non-LBW; &gt;2500 g)), and according to the calculated birth weight centile as it relates to gestational age (small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), and adequate for gestational age (AGA)). Mothers of LBW infants had a lower pre-pregnancy weight (66.2 \u00b1 17.9 kg vs. 73.4 \u00b1 21.3 kg, p &lt; 0.0001), a lower body mass index (BMI) (25.27 \u00b1 6.58 vs. 27.73 \u00b1 7.83, p &lt; 0.001), and a shorter gestation age (246.4 \u00b1 24.0 days vs. 267.2 \u00b1 19.4 days p &lt; 0.001) compared with non-LBW. Marital status, tobacco use, and fetus sex affected birth weight centile classification according to gestational age. Multivariate statistical comparisons of the extracted metabolomes revealed that asparagine, aspartic acid, deoxyribose, erythritol, glycerophosphocholine, tyrosine, isoleucine, serine, and lactic acid were higher in both SGA and LBW placentas, while taurine, ethanolamine, \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate, and glycine were lower in both SGA and LBW. Several metabolic pathways are implicated in fetal growth restriction, including those related to the hypoxia response and amino-acid uptake and metabolism. Inflammatory pathways are also involved, suggesting that fetal growth restriction might share some mechanisms with preeclampsia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13020235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T02:29:23Z","timestamp":1675650563000},"page":"235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Placental Metabolomics of Fetal Growth Restriction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2962-7379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo","family":"Troisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"},{"name":"Theoreo srl, Via degli Ulivi 3, 84090 Montecorvino Pugliano, SA, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biology \u201cA. Zambelli\u201d, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5741-439X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J. K.","family":"Symes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave., Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section on Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, 979 East Third Street, Suite C-720, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4453-6627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoreo srl, Via degli Ulivi 3, 84090 Montecorvino Pugliano, SA, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biology \u201cA. Zambelli\u201d, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3111-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Sistemi Complessi\u2014Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00185 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7152-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Colucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"},{"name":"Theoreo srl, Via degli Ulivi 3, 84090 Montecorvino Pugliano, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Scala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoreo srl, Via degli Ulivi 3, 84090 Montecorvino Pugliano, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5422-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Adair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section on Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, 979 East Third Street, Suite C-720, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Guida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoreo srl, Via degli Ulivi 3, 84090 Montecorvino Pugliano, SA, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, NA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section on Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, 979 East Third Street, Suite C-720, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Sciences, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave., Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.3.378","article-title":"Birth Weight and Perinatal Mortality: The Effect of Gestational Age","volume":"82","author":"Wilcox","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. 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