{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T18:07:31Z","timestamp":1784743651203,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["2019\/23140-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/23140-9"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["2020\/07272-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/07272-0"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["307524\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307524\/2021-3"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["2019\/23140-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/23140-9"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["2020\/07272-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/07272-0"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["307524\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307524\/2021-3"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/23140-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/23140-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/07272-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/07272-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["307524\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307524\/2021-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis is immune-mediated skin disorder affecting thousands of people. Sphingolipids (SLs) are bioactive molecules present in the epidermis, involved in the following cellular processes: proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of keratinocytes. Alterations in SLs synthesis have been observed in psoriatic skin. To investigate if the imbalance in lipid skin metabolism could be related to psoriasis, we analyzed the gene expression in non-lesioned and lesioned skin of patients with psoriasis available in two datasets (GSE161683 and GSE136757) obtained from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were searched for using NCBI analysis, and Gene Ontology (GO) biological process analyses were performed using the Database of Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) platform. Venn diagrams were done with InteractiVenn tool and heatmaps were constructed using Morpheus software. We observed that the gene expression of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (PLA2G4D), glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 3 (GDP3), arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase R type (ALOX12B), phospholipase B-like 1 (PLBD1), sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3), ganglioside GM2 activator (GM2A), and serine palmitoyltransferase long chain subunit 2 (SPTLC2) was up-regulated in lesioned skin psoriasis when compared with the non-lesioned skin. These genes are related to lipid metabolism and more specifically to sphingolipids. So, in the present study, the role of sphingolipids in psoriasis pathogenesis is summarized. These genes could be used as prognostic biomarkers of psoriasis and could be targets for the treatment of patients who suffer from the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13020291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T05:11:29Z","timestamp":1676524289000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Abnormalities of Sphingolipids Metabolic Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8666-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Burger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Nutrientes e Reparo Tecidual, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta Nicolli","family":"Sagiorato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Nutrientes e Reparo Tecidual, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Cavenaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Nutrientes e Reparo Tecidual, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosana Gomes","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Nutrientes e Reparo Tecidual, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.12.003","article-title":"Review the Multitasking Organ: Recent Insights into Skin Immune Function","volume":"35","author":"Meglio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38174-2","article-title":"Ghrelin Protects against Contact Dermatitis and Psoriasiform Skin Inflammation by Antagonizing TNF-\u03b1\/NF-\u03ba B Signaling Pathways","volume":"9","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2021.105055","article-title":"Skin Lipids in Health and Disease: A Review","volume":"236","author":"Knox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.23.090506.123357","article-title":"Mechanisms Regulating Epithelial Stratification","volume":"23","author":"Koster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.146","article-title":"Developing Stratified Epithelia: Lessons from the Epidermis and Thymus","volume":"3","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2021.04.007","article-title":"Atopic Dermatitis: Role of the Skin Barrier, Environment, Microbiome, and Therapeutic Agents","volume":"102","author":"Luger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3066","article-title":"The Keratinocyte Transcriptome in Psoriasis: Pathways Related to Immune Responses, Cell Cycle and Keratinization","volume":"99","author":"Pasquali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-017-0477-3","article-title":"Skin Immunity","volume":"66","author":"Matejuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4006","article-title":"Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment of Psoriasis: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-017-1748-x","article-title":"Serum Fatty Acid Profile in Psoriasis and Its Comorbidity","volume":"309","author":"Mysliwiec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1590","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1590","article-title":"National, Regional, and Worldwide Epidemiology of Psoriasis: Systematic Analysis and Modelling Study","volume":"369","author":"Parisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capon, F. (2017). The Genetic Basis of Psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122526"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19169","article-title":"Systematic Review Examining Changes over Time and Variation in the Incidence and Prevalence of Psoriasis by Age and Gender","volume":"184","author":"Iskandar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2020.1719833","article-title":"Epidemiology of Major Chronic Inflammatory Immune-Related Skin Diseases in 2019","volume":"16","author":"Pezzolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamiya, K., Kishimoto, M., Sugai, J., Komine, M., and Ohtsuki, M. (2019). Risk Factors for the Development of Psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184347"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535612","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/535612","article-title":"Lipid Disturbances in Psoriasis: An Update","volume":"2010","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflammatio"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowowiejska, J., Baran, A., and Flisiak, I. (2021). Aberrations in Lipid Expression and Metabolism in Psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126561"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1974.01630020023005","article-title":"Natural History of Psoriasis in 61 Twin Pairs","volume":"109","author":"Faber","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(93)70206-9","article-title":"Psoriasis in Australian Twins","volume":"29","author":"Duffy","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1978.01640180008002","article-title":"Psoriasis in an Unselected Series of Twins","volume":"114","author":"Brandrup","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.11.038","article-title":"HLA-C*06:02 Genotype Is a Predictive Biomarker of Biologic Treatment Response in Psoriasis","volume":"143","author":"Dand","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1086\/503821","article-title":"Sequence and Haplotype Analysis Supports HLA-C as the Psoriasis Susceptibility 1 Gene","volume":"78","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.311","article-title":"Genome-Wide Scan Reveals Association of Psoriasis with IL-23 and NF-\u039aB Pathways","volume":"41","author":"Nair","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.694","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies New Psoriasis Susceptibility Loci and an Interaction between HLA-C and ERAP1","volume":"42","author":"Strange","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2012.03.013","article-title":"Rare and Common Variants in CARD14, Encoding an Epidermal Regulator of NF-KappaB, in Psoriasis","volume":"90","author":"Jordan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.288","article-title":"Activating CARD14 Mutations Are Associated with Generalized Pustular Psoriasis but Rarely Account for Familial Recurrence in Psoriasis Vulgaris","volume":"135","author":"Berki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"496","article-title":"Mechanisms of Disease Psoriasis","volume":"361","author":"Frank","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01549","article-title":"The Interplay between Keratinocytes and Immune Cells in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis","volume":"9","author":"Albanesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zelga, P., Kutwin, M., Migdalska-s, M., and Brzezia, E. (2021). An Analysis of IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17RA, IL-23A and IL-23R Expression and Their Correlation with Clinical Course in Patients with Psoriasis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10245834"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0084-5","article-title":"The Immunological Anatomy of the Skin","volume":"19","author":"Kabashima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095293","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5095293","article-title":"Skin Immune Landscape: Inside and Outside the Organism","volume":"2017","author":"Abdallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8535-x","article-title":"The Inflammatory Response in Psoriasis: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"50","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04523-3","article-title":"Advances in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis: From Keratinocyte Perspective","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21291","article-title":"Keratin 17: A Critical Player in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis","volume":"34","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.222","article-title":"IL-17A Upregulates Keratin 17 Expression in Keratinocytes through STAT1-and STAT3-Dependent Mechanisms","volume":"131","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabg9012","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abg9012","article-title":"IL-12 Regulates Type 3 Immunity through Interfollicular Keratinocytes in Psoriasiform Inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Zwicky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32549-6","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"397","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rendon, A., and Sch\u00e4kel, K. (2019). Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061475"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicic, M., Ka\u0161telan, M., Brajac, I., Soto\u0161ek, V., and Massari, L.P. (2021). Current Concepts of Psoriasis Immunopathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111574"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804824","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.804824","article-title":"Mammalian Epidermis: A Compendium of Lipid Functionality","volume":"12","author":"Rudan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fekry, B., Esmaeilniakooshkghazi, A., Krupenko, S.A., and Krupenko, N.I. (2016). Ceramide Synthase 6 Is a Novel Target of Methotrexate Mediating Its Antiproliferative Effect in a P53-Dependent Manner. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146618"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2014.55","article-title":"Downregulation of Ceramide Synthase-6 during Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Reduces Plasma Membrane Fluidity and Cancer Cell Motility","volume":"24","author":"Edmond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2974","article-title":"The Outs and the Ins of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Immunity","volume":"11","author":"Spiegel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvr058","article-title":"Up-Regulation of Ceramide Glucosyltransferase during the Differentiation of U937 Cells","volume":"150","author":"Aida","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0178-7","article-title":"The Role of Epidermal Sphingolipids in Dermatologic Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Borodzicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9597","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c01731","article-title":"Sphingolipids as Functional Food Components: Benefits in Skin Improvement and Disease Prevention","volume":"70","author":"Sugawara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202646v","article-title":"Profiling and Characterizing Skin Ceramides Using Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography\u2014Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry","volume":"84","author":"Kindt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.01.891","article-title":"The Structure, Function, and Importance of Ceramides&nbsp;in Skin and Their Use as Therapeutic Agents&nbsp;in Skin-Care Products","volume":"71","author":"Meckfessel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.161","article-title":"Changes in the Ceramide Profile of Atopic Dermatitis Patients","volume":"108","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2010.07.016","article-title":"Relationship between Cutaneous Barrier Function and Ceramide Species in Human Stratum Corneum","volume":"60","author":"Joo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2010.12.003","article-title":"Effect of Ceramide Acyl Chain Length on Skin Permeability and Thermotropic Phase Behavior of Model Stratum Corneum Lipid Membranes","volume":"1811","author":"Lorenc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00619-2","article-title":"Ceramides in Skin Health and Disease: An Update","volume":"22","author":"Uchida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9478","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.1c01295","article-title":"Increased Levels of Short-Chain Ceramides Modify the Lipid Organization and Reduce the Lipid Barrier of Skin Model Membranes","volume":"37","author":"Uche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.364","article-title":"Interferon-c Decreases Ceramides with Long-Chain Fatty Acids: Possible Involvement in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis","volume":"134","author":"Tawada","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.3.120","article-title":"Chu-Xia Depletion of Ceramides with Very Long Chain Fatty Acids Causes Defective Skin Permeability Barrier Function, and Neonatal Lethality in ELOVL4 Deficient Mice","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"178910","article-title":"Sphingolipid Metabolic Pathway: An Overview of Major Roles Played in Human Diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Rao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3784","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1002915","article-title":"How Sphingolipids Affect T Cells in the Resolution of Inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Hartel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxz037","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-Phosphate and Inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Obinata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13497","article-title":"Epidermal Permeability Barrier Function and Sphingolipid Content in the Skin of Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Deficient Mice","volume":"27","author":"Nomoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600691","article-title":"Inhibition of Acid Sphingomyelinase Allows for Selective Targeting of CD4 + Conventional versus Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells","volume":"197","author":"Hollmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanda, N., Hoashi, T., and Saeki, H. (2021). The Defect in Regulatory T Cells in Psoriasis and Therapeutic Approaches. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10173880"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boche\u0144ska, K., and Gabig-Cimi\u0144ska, M. (2020). Unbalanced Sphingolipid Metabolism and Its Implications for the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25051130"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, D., Parashuraman, S., and Angelo, G.D. (2016). Glycosphingolipid\u2014Protein Interaction in Signal Transduction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101732"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12476755","article-title":"Ganglioside GM3 Inhibits the Proliferation of Cultured Keratinocytes","volume":"100","author":"Paller","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01242.x","article-title":"Keratinocyte CDw60 Expression Is Modulated by Both a Th-1 Type Cytokine IFN-\u03b3 and Th-2 Cytokines IL-4 and IL-13: Relevance to Psoriasis","volume":"116","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2020.03.006","article-title":"High-Throughput Transcriptome and Pathogenesis Analysis of Clinical Psoriasis","volume":"98","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2000083","article-title":"IL-37 Expression Is Downregulated in Lesional Psoriasis Skin IL-37 Expression Is Downregulated in Lesional Psoriasis Skin","volume":"4","author":"Nielsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunohorizons"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.11.027","article-title":"Molecular and Cellular Responses to the TYK2\/JAK1 Inhibitor PF-06700841 Reveal Reduction of Skin Inflammation in Plaque Psoriasis","volume":"140","author":"Page","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matwiejuk, M., Mysliwiec, H., Chabowski, A., and Flisiak, I. (2022). The Role of Sphingolipids in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Metabolities, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12121171"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2019.12.002","article-title":"The Role of Ceramides in Skin Homeostasis and in Fl Ammatory Skin Diseases","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12399","article-title":"The Chemistry, Function and (Patho) Physiology of Stratum Corneum Barrier Ceramides","volume":"39","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S143591","article-title":"Novel Phytoceramides Containing Fatty Acids of Diverse Chain Lengths Are Better than a Single C18-Ceramide N-Stearoyl Phytosphingosine to Improve the Physiological Properties of Human Stratum Corneum","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.12.019","article-title":"Mechanical Stretch Exacerbates Psoriasis by Stimulating Keratinocyte Proliferation and Cytokine Production","volume":"139","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690040056007","article-title":"Abnormality of Water Barrier Function in Psoriasis: Role of Ceramides Fractions","volume":"130","author":"Motta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(93)90135-N","article-title":"Ceramide Composition of the Psoriatic Scale","volume":"1182","author":"Motta","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12017","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12017","article-title":"Circulating Levels of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Are Elevated in Severe, but Not Mild Psoriasis and Are Unresponsive to Anti-TNF-\u03b1 Treatment","volume":"15","author":"Checa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2004.19.6.859","article-title":"An Inverse Relationship between Ceramide Synthesis and Clinical Severity in Patients with Psoriasis","volume":"19","author":"Cho","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokose, U., Ishikawa, J., Morokuma, Y., Naoe, A., Inoue, Y., Yasuda, Y., Tsujimura, H., Fujimura, T., Murase, T., and Hatamochi, A. (2020). The Ceramide [NP]\/[NS] Ratio in the Stratum Corneum Is a Potential Marker for Skin Properties and Epidermal Differentiation. BMC Dermatol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12895-020-00102-1"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.02.003","article-title":"Bioactive Lipid Mediator Profiles in Human Psoriasis Skin and Blood","volume":"138","author":"Sorokin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rioux, G., Ridha, Z., Simard, M., Turgeon, F., Gu\u00e9rin, S.L., and Pouliot, R. (2020). Transcriptome Profiling Analyses in Psoriasis: A Dynamic Contribution of Keratinocytes to the Pathogenesis. Genes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11101155"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961107","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.961107","article-title":"Current Knowledge of the Implication of Lipid Mediators in Psoriasis","volume":"13","author":"Simard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13225","article-title":"Lack of Association of ALOX12 and ALOX15B Polymorphisms with Psoriasis despite Altered Urinary Excretion of 12(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid","volume":"172","author":"Setkowicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2020.100046","article-title":"Hydroxy-Epoxide and Keto-Epoxide Derivatives of Linoleic Acid Activate Trigeminal Neurons","volume":"7","author":"Doolen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2018.03.012","article-title":"The Oxidized Linoleic Acid Metabolite 12,13-DiHOME Mediates Thermal Hyperalgesia during Inflammatory Pain","volume":"1863","author":"Zimmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2013.08.020","article-title":"The Importance of the Lipoxygenase-Hepoxilin Pathway in the Mammalian Epidermal Barrier","volume":"1841","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2013.08.005","article-title":"The Role of Lipoxygenases in Epidermis","volume":"1841","author":"Krieg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151911","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.151911","article-title":"Phospholipase A2 Enzymes Represent a Shared Pathogenic Pathway in Psoriasis and Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris","volume":"6","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12890","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305801200","article-title":"Cloning of a Gene for a Novel Epithelium-Specific Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2, CPLA 2g, Induced in Psoriatic Skin","volume":"279","author":"Chiba","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244ra90","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008946","article-title":"Intraindividual Genome Expression Analysis Reveals a Specific Molecular Signature of Psoriasis and Eczema","volume":"6","author":"Quaranta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160258","article-title":"Psoriatic T Cells Recognize Neolipid Antigens Generated by Mast Cell Phospholipase Delivered by Exosomes and Presented by CD1a","volume":"213","author":"Cheung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"988","article-title":"Effect of Adalimumab on Gene Expression Profiles of Psoriatic Skin and Blood","volume":"15","author":"Chow","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026893319040137","article-title":"Novel Genes Associated with the Development of Carotid Paragangliomas","volume":"53","author":"Snezhkina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24367","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24367","article-title":"Biomarkers of Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: A Label-Free Mass Based Relative Quantification Study","volume":"36","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"6549","article-title":"Differences of Macrophages in the Tumor Microenvironment as an Underlying Key Factor in Glioma Patients","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572284","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.572284","article-title":"A Transcriptomics-Based Meta-Analysis Combined with Machine Learning Identifies a Secretory Biomarker Panel for Diagnosis of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Khatri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12699","article-title":"The Emerging Physiological Roles of the Glycerophosphodiesterase Family","volume":"281","author":"Corda","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0620689","article-title":"Liver Glycerylphosphorylcholine Diesterase","volume":"62","author":"Dawson","year":"1956","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2004.04.026","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Two Serpentine Membrane Proteins Containing Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase, GDE2 and GDE6","volume":"337","author":"Nogusa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/09687680802537605","article-title":"Isolation, Characterization and Molecular 3D Model of Human GDE4, a Novel Membrane Protein Containing Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase Domain","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvab091","article-title":"Characterization of Recombinant Murine GDE4 and GDE7, Enzymes Producing Lysophosphatidic Acid and\/or Cyclic Phosphatidic Acid","volume":"170","author":"Tserendavga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.12.040","article-title":"The Role of Lysophosphatidic Acid in the Physiology and Pathology of the Skin","volume":"220","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaire, B.P., Lee, C.-H., Kim, W., Sapkota, A., Lee, D.Y., and Choi, J.W. (2020). Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 5 Contributes to Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Lesions through NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Macrophages. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081753"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., Kim, H., Baek, J., and Roh, J. (2021). Lysophosphatidic Acid Mediates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-like Symptoms by Promoting Keratinocyte Proliferation through LPAR1\/ROCK2\/PI3K\/AKT Signaling Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910777"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.RA120000760","article-title":"Human GDPD3 Overexpression Promotes Liver Steatosis by Increasing Lysophosphatidic Acid Production and Fatty Acid Uptake","volume":"61","author":"Key","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res. Vol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18491-9","article-title":"The Lysophospholipase D Enzyme Gdpd3 Is Required to Maintain Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia Stem Cells","volume":"11","author":"Naka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.8.3979","article-title":"AB Variant of Infantile GM2 Gangliosidosis: Deficiency of a Factor Necessary for Stimulation of Hexosaminidase A-Catalyzed Degradation of Ganglioside GM2 and Glycolipid GA2","volume":"75","author":"Conzelmann","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2006.21.1.95","article-title":"Ceramides and Cell Signaling Molecules in Psoriatic Epidermis: Reduced Levels of Ceramides, PKC-, and JNK","volume":"21","author":"Lew","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)36989-3","article-title":"Ceramide-Mediated Biology. Determination of Structural and Stereospecific Requirements through the Use of N-Acyl-Phenylaminoalcohol Analogs","volume":"267","author":"Bielawska","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.06.025","article-title":"Neutral Sphingomyelinases and NSMase2: Bridging the Gaps","volume":"1758","author":"Clarke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13248","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13248","article-title":"Neutral Sphingomyelinase-2 and Cardiometabolic Diseases","volume":"22","author":"Sindhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5549","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705134114","article-title":"Structure of Human NSMase2 Reveals an Interdomain Allosteric Activation Mechanism for Ceramide Generation","volume":"114","author":"Airola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20101752","article-title":"Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2 (NSMase2) Is the Primary Neutral Sphingomyelinase Isoform Activated by Tumour Necrosis Factor-\u03b1","volume":"435","author":"Clarke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73912-5","article-title":"Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2 Regulates Inflammatory Responses in Monocytes\/Macrophages Induced by TNF-\u03b1","volume":"10","author":"Rashed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00059.x","article-title":"Relationship between Cell-Associated Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 and Psoriatic Keratinocyte Growth","volume":"115","author":"Emonard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.07.028","article-title":"Neutrophils Enhance Cutaneous Vascular Dilation and Permeability to Aggravate Psoriasis by Releasing Matrix Metallopeptidase 9","volume":"141","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01283.x","article-title":"The Level of Prosaposin Is Decreased in the Skin of Patients with Psoriasis Vulgaris","volume":"116","author":"Alessandrini","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159762","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.159762","article-title":"Biogeographic and Disease-Specific Alterations in Epidermal Lipid Composition and Single-Cell Analysis of Acral Keratinocytes","volume":"7","author":"Merleev","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12543516","article-title":"Sphingomyelinase in Pig and Human Epidermis","volume":"70","author":"Bowser","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.05.088","article-title":"Transcription Factor MafB Coordinates Epidermal Keratinocyte Differentiation","volume":"136","author":"Miyai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18173","article-title":"Non-Invasive Transcriptomic Analysis Using MRNAs in Skin Surface Lipids Obtained from Children with Mild-to-Moderate Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"36","author":"Shima","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.01.011","article-title":"The Immunology of Atopic Dermatitis and Its Reversibility with Broad-Spectrum and Targeted Therapies","volume":"139","author":"Brunner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2020.158673","article-title":"Skin of Atopic Dermatitis Patients Shows Disturbed \u03b2-Glucocerebrosidase and Acid Sphingomyelinase Activity that Relates to Changes in Stratum Corneum Lipid Composition","volume":"1865","author":"Boer","year":"2020","journal-title":"BBA-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.19524.x","article-title":"Permeability Barrier Disruption Increases the Level of Serine Palmitoyltransferase in Human Epidermis","volume":"119","author":"Alessandrini","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/13\/2\/291\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:38:13Z","timestamp":1760121493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/13\/2\/291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo13020291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo13020291","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]}}}