{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:35:53Z","timestamp":1779150953529,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, CNCS\u2014UEFISCDI","award":["PN-III-P1\u20131.1-PD-2019\u20130522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P1\u20131.1-PD-2019\u20130522"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is among the top-selling botanicals used as a supportive treatment for liver diseases. Silymarin, a mixture of unique flavonolignan metabolites, is the main bioactive component of milk thistle. The biological activities of silymarin have been well described in the literature, and its use is considered safe and well-tolerated in appropriate doses. However, commercial preparations do not always contain the recommended concentrations of silymarin, failing to provide the expected therapeutic effect. While the poor quality of raw material may explain the low concentrations of silymarin, its deliberate removal is suspected to be an adulteration. Toxic contaminants and foreign matters were also detected in milk thistle preparations, raising serious health concerns. Standard methods for determination of silymarin components include thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with various detectors, but nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) have also been applied. This review surveys the extraction techniques of main milk thistle metabolites and the quality, efficacy, and safety of the derived food supplements. Advanced analytical authentication approaches are discussed with a focus on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding to complement orthogonal chemical characterization and fingerprinting of herbal products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13030440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T04:05:23Z","timestamp":1679285123000},"page":"440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Detecting and Profiling of Milk Thistle Metabolites in Food Supplements: A Safety-Oriented Approach by Advanced Analytics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1860-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ancu\u021ba Cristina","family":"Raclariu-Manolic\u0103","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 610004 Piatra Neam\u021b, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7352-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Socaciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"BIODIATECH\u2014Research Center for Applied Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Molecular Therapy, 400478 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70414-5","article-title":"Milk thistle: Early seeds of potential","volume":"14","author":"Siegel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735407301632","article-title":"Advances in the Use of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)","volume":"6","author":"Ladas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1285","article-title":"Milk thistle","volume":"72","author":"Rainone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7800","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1288","article-title":"Effect of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) on the Pharmacokinetics of Irinotecan","volume":"11","author":"Baker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP40002","article-title":"Effects of silymarin MZ-80 on oxidative stress in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"40","author":"Lucena","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735407301942","article-title":"Review of Clinical Trials Evaluating Safety and Efficacy of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn)","volume":"6","author":"Tamayo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"100255","article-title":"Silymarin is an ally against insulin resistance: A review","volume":"23","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javeed, A., Ahmed, M., Sajid, A.R., Sikandar, A., Aslam, M., Hassan, T.U., Samiullah Nazir, Z., Ji, M., and Li, C. (2022). Comparative Assessment of Phytoconstituents, Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Analysis of Different Parts of Milk Thistle Silybum marianum L.. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092641"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vost\u00e1lov\u00e1, J., Tinkov\u00e1, E., Biedermann, D., Kosina, P., Ulrichov\u00e1, J., and Rajnochova Svobodov\u00e1, A. (2019). Skin Protective Activity of Silymarin and its Flavonolignans. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061022"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marceddu, R., Dinolfo, L., Carrubba, A., Sarno, M., and Di Miceli, G. (2022). Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) as a Novel Multipurpose Crop for Agriculture in Marginal Environments: A Review. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12030729"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15439","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of silymarin containing antioxidant serum as an adjuvant treatment of mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris: A prospective, open-label pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/aab.12232","article-title":"Silybum marianum: Non-medical exploitation of the species","volume":"167","author":"Andrzejewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480701554095","article-title":"The potential of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), an Israeli native, as a source of edible sprouts rich in antioxidants","volume":"59","author":"Vaknin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.07.017","article-title":"The silymarin composition and why does it matter?","volume":"100","author":"Chambers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"World Health Organization Fructus Silybi Mariae (2002). WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00139.x","article-title":"Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) for the Therapy of Liver Disease","volume":"93","author":"Flora","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drouet, S., Abbasi, B.H., Falgui\u00e8res, A., Ahmad, W., Sumaira Ferroud, C., Doussot, J., Vanier, J.R., Lain\u00e9, \u00c9., and Hano, C. (2018). Single Laboratory Validation of a Quantitative Core Shell-Based LC Separation for the Evaluation of Silymarin Variability and Associated Antioxidant Activity of Pakistani Ecotypes of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.). Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040904"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2022, January 12). European Medicines Agency. European Union herbal monograph on Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Fructus, EMA\/HMPC\/294187\/2013, Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/herbal-monograph\/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-silybum-marianum-l-gaertn-fructus_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925298","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.925298","article-title":"Investigation of market herbal products regulated under different categories: How can HPTLC help to detect quality problems?","volume":"13","author":"Frommenwiler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47250-0","article-title":"Poor chemical and microbiological quality of the commercial milk thistle-based dietary supplements may account for their reported unsatisfactory and non-reproducible clinical outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Fenclova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, February 10). WHO Guidelines on Safety Monitoring of Herbal Medicines in Pharmacovigilance Systems, Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/43034\/9241592214_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"ISL-EA","article-title":"How some suppliers attempt to fool commonly used analytical methods","volume":"85","author":"Gafner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"P-043","article-title":"Milk thistle product authentication using LC-MS and DNA metabarcoding","volume":"88","author":"Mauvisseau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.11.042","article-title":"A new approach to the rapid separation of isomeric compounds in a Silybum marianum extract using UHPLC core-shell column with F5 stationary phase","volume":"134","author":"Fibigr","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1021\/np030163b","article-title":"Molecular Structure and Stereochemistry of Silybin A, Silybin B, Isosilybin A, and Isosilybin B, Isolated from Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle)","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viktorova, J., Stranska-Zachariasova, M., Fenclova, M., Vitek, L., Hajslova, J., Kren, V., and Ruml, T. (2019). Complex Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity of Milk Thistle Dietary Supplements. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8080317"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200161140-00003","article-title":"The Use of Silymarin in the Treatment of Liver Diseases","volume":"61","author":"Saller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6633","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b02105","article-title":"Mycotoxins in Plant-Based Dietary Supplements: Hidden Health Risk for Consumers","volume":"63","author":"Veprikova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"4440","article-title":"Chemical profiling and antioxidant activity of commercial milk thistle food supplements","volume":"4","author":"Anthony","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"25","article-title":"Adulteration of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.)","volume":"Volume 128","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"40","article-title":"Value chains of botanical and herbal medicinal products: A European perspective","volume":"112","author":"Booker","year":"2016","journal-title":"HerbalGram"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.2c00929","article-title":"Botanical Ingredient Forensics: Detection of Attempts to Deceive Commonly Used Analytical Methods for Authenticating Herbal Dietary and Food Ingredients and Supplements","volume":"86","author":"Gafner","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104647","article-title":"Regulatory landscape of dietary supplements and herbal medicines from a global perspective","volume":"114","author":"Thakkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, February 15). Guidelines for Assessing Quality of Herbal Medicines with Reference to Contaminants and Residues, Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/43510."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2023, February 18). WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy: 2014\u20132023. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/medicines\/publications\/traditional\/trm_strategy14_23\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.05.024","article-title":"Risk assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations intended for use in food and food supplements: Emerging issues","volume":"180","author":"Rietjens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12586","article-title":"Quality and safety of herbal medical products: Regulation and the need for quality assurance along the value chains","volume":"80","author":"Heinrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01480","article-title":"Medicinal Plant Analysis: A Historical and Regional Discussion of Emergent Complex Techniques","volume":"10","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-015-0306-8","article-title":"DNA Barcoding and Pharmacovigilance of Herbal Medicines","volume":"38","author":"Ichim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953205","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.953205","article-title":"Best Practice in the chemical characterisation of extracts used in pharmacological and toxicological research\u2014The ConPhyMP\u2014Guidelines12","volume":"13","author":"Heinrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwyer, J.T., Coates, P.M., and Smith, M.J. (2018). Dietary Supplements: Regulatory Challenges and Research Resources. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010041"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112230","article-title":"Best practice in research\u2014Overcoming common challenges in phytopharmacological research","volume":"246","author":"Heinrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.5897\/IJBC11.163","article-title":"Standardization of herbal medicines\u2014A review","volume":"4","author":"Kunle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2011.09.004","article-title":"Quality of herbal medicines: Challenges and solutions","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.06.036","article-title":"Science meets regulation","volume":"158 Pt B","author":"Bilia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.07.003","article-title":"Botanicals\u2013challenges abound, solutions in sight?","volume":"32","author":"Schieber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1990","article-title":"Biochemical profile of milk thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) with special reference to silymarin content","volume":"9","author":"Aziz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6361","article-title":"Safety and toxicity of silymarin, the major constituent of milk thistle extract: An updated review","volume":"33","author":"Soleimani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NP70122K","article-title":"Chemistry of silybin","volume":"31","author":"Biedermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-6618(02)00252-9","article-title":"Effects of polyphenolic fraction of silymarin on lipoprotein profile in rats fed cholesterol-rich diets","volume":"47","author":"Cvak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6171","article-title":"Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases","volume":"32","author":"Abenavoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i18.2288","article-title":"Silybin and the liver: From basic research to clinical practice","volume":"17","author":"Loguercio","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1021\/np400955q","article-title":"Flavonolignans from Aspergillus iizukae, a Fungal Endophyte of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.)","volume":"77","author":"Raja","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-864187","article-title":"A Silychristin Isomer and Variation of Flavonolignan Levels in Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) Fruits","volume":"71","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.05.034","article-title":"Recent advances in the analysis of flavonolignans of Silybum marianum","volume":"130","author":"Csupor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bijak, M. (2017). Silybin, a Major Bioactive Component of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.)\u2014Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Metabolism. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22111942"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2016.09.003","article-title":"Variation in the flavonolignan composition of fruits from different Silybum marianum chemotypes and suspension cultures derived therefrom","volume":"131","author":"Poppe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.03.027","article-title":"Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), a medicinal weed","volume":"34","author":"Karkanis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2020.101775","article-title":"Biotechnological production of silymarin in Silybum marianum L.: A review","volume":"29","author":"Elateeq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/01140671.2006.9514413","article-title":"Factors influencing silymarin content and composition in variegated thistle (Silybum marianum L.)","volume":"34","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmu049","article-title":"Simplified Procedure of Silymarin Extraction from Silybum marianum L. Gaertner","volume":"53","author":"Wianowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"311","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted extraction of silymarin components from milk thistle seeds (Silybum marianum L.)","volume":"36","author":"Tavman","year":"2011","journal-title":"GIDA J. Food"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1080\/10826070802424907","article-title":"Separation of Silymarins from Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) Extracted with Pressurized Hot Water using Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography","volume":"31","author":"Engelberth","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.35793","article-title":"Comparison of Silymarin Extraction from Silybum marianum Using a Soxhlet Apparatus, Batch Parr, and Countercurrent Pressurized Hot Water Reactors","volume":"53","author":"Bunnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1385\/ABAB:108:1-3:881","article-title":"Extraction of Nutraceuticals from Milk Thistle: I. Hot Water Extraction","volume":"108","author":"Barreto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1300\/J133v04n02_05","article-title":"HPLC-UV and LC-MS-MS Characterization of Silymarin in Milk Thistle Seeds and Corresponding Products","volume":"4","author":"Wallace","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutraceuticals Funct. Med. Foods"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/08327823.2017.1320265","article-title":"Extraction of silymarin from milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) seeds\u2014A comparison of conventional and microwave-assisted extraction methods","volume":"51","author":"Saleh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microw. Power Electromagn. Energy"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817903-1.00004-8","article-title":"Chapter 4\u2014Silymarin compounds: Chemistry, innovative extraction techniques and synthesis","volume":"Volume 64","year":"2020","journal-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Council of Europe (2019). European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Health Care, European Pharmacopoeia, EDQM Publications. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"United States Pharmacopeial Convention (2022). Dietary Supplement Monographs, United States Pharmacopeial Convention."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petr\u00e1skov\u00e1, L., K\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e1, K., Biedermann, D., K\u0159en, V., and Valentov\u00e1, K. (2020). Simple and Rapid HPLC Separation and Quantification of Flavonoid, Flavonolignans, and 2,3-Dehydroflavonolignans in Silymarin. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9020116"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.09.004","article-title":"Absorption and metabolism of milk thistle flavanolignans in humans","volume":"20","author":"Calani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.113.052423","article-title":"An Assessment of Pharmacokinetics and Antioxidant Activity of Free Silymarin Flavonolignans in Healthy Volunteers: A Dose Escalation Study","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.641","article-title":"A review on the mechanisms of the effect of silymarin in milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) on some laboratory animals","volume":"8","author":"Khazaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veter-Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300437","article-title":"Herbal products for liver diseases: A therapeutic challenge for the new millennium","volume":"30","author":"Schuppan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HNP.0000334924.77174.6d","article-title":"Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.): An ancient botanical medicine for modern times","volume":"22","author":"Ross","year":"2008","journal-title":"Holist. Nurs. Pract."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.738504","article-title":"Valuable hepatoprotective plants\u2014How can we optimize waste free uses of such highly versatile resources?","volume":"12","author":"Krepkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Blumenthal, M., Bussmann, R.W., Goldberg, A., Gruenwald, J., Hall, T., Riggins, C.W., and Rister, R.S. (1998). The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines, American Botanical Council."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01251-y","article-title":"Silymarin as Supportive Treatment in Liver Diseases: A Narrative Review","volume":"37","author":"Gillessen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2016.86","article-title":"Efficacy of a galactogogue containing silymarin-phosphatidylserine and galega in mothers of preterm infants: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Zecca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S128517","article-title":"Maternal experiences with and sources of information on galactagogues to support lactation: A cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Bazzano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Lawrence, R.A., and Lawrence, R.M. (2022). Breastfeeding, Elsevier. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735407301727","article-title":"Clinical Applications of Silybum marianum L. in Oncology","volume":"6","author":"Greenlee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6153","article-title":"Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and its main constituent, silymarin, as a potential therapeutic plant in metabolic syndrome: A review: Silybum marianum and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Tajmohammadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112802273353","article-title":"Legalon\u00ae SIL: The Antidote of Choice in Patients with Acute Hepatotoxicity from Amatoxin Poisoning","volume":"13","author":"Mengs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-020-00421-5","article-title":"A case of allergy to Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and Eragrostis tef (teff)","volume":"16","author":"Wojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1270","article-title":"Milk thistle, a herbal supplement, decreases the activity of CYP3A4 and uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase in human hepatocyte cultures","volume":"28","author":"Venkataramanan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"(2023, February 25). European Commission, Directorate-General for Health and Consumers, The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). Available online: https:\/\/webgate.ec.europa.eu\/rasff-window\/screen\/consumers."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/009286150804200501","article-title":"VigiBase, the WHO Global ICSR Database System: Basic Facts","volume":"42","author":"Lindquist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Inf. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17704-z","article-title":"Herb-anticancer drug interactions in real life based on VigiBase, the WHO global database","volume":"12","author":"Pochet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"42","article-title":"US Sales of Herbal Supplements Increase by 9.7% in 2021","volume":"136","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"HerbalGram"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Alvarez, A., Egan, B., De Klein, S., Dima, L., Maggi, F.M., Isoniemi, M., Ribas-Barba, L., Raats, M., Meissner, E.M., and Badea, M. (2014). Usage of Plant Food Supplements across Six European Countries: Findings from the PlantLIBRA Consumer Survey. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092265"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666850","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.666850","article-title":"Chemical Authentication of Botanical Ingredients: A Review of Commercial Herbal Products","volume":"12","author":"Ichim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2017.11.017","article-title":"Integrated analytical assets aid botanical authenticity and adulteration management","volume":"129","author":"Simmler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"European Commission European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (2004). Directive 2004\/24\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 Amending, as Regards Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products, Directive 2001\/83\/EC on the Community Code Relating to Medicinal Products for Human Use. Off. J. Eur. Union, 136, 85\u201390."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"(2016, March 21). European Commission Directive 2002\/46\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 June 2002 on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member States Relating to Food Supplements. Available online: http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:183:0051:0057:EN:PDF."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"125","article-title":"Herbal Medicinal Products versus Botanical-Food Supplements in the European market: State of Art and Perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Bilia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"European Union Regulation (EC) (2002). No 178\/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 Laying down the General Principles and Requirements of Food Law, Establishing the European Food Safety Authority and Laying down Procedures in Matters of Food Safety. Off. J. Eur. Communities, L031, 1e24."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8925-6","article-title":"Optimization and single-laboratory validation of a method for the determination of flavonolignans in milk thistle seeds by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection","volume":"407","author":"Mudge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, T., Sansone, F., Russo, P., Picerno, P., Aquino, R.P., Gasparri, F., and Mencherini, T. (2019). A Water-Soluble Microencapsulated Milk Thistle Extract as Active Ingredient for Dermal Formulations. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081547"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foster, S. (1999). Tyler\u2019s Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203819692"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.010611","article-title":"The Importance of Method Selection in Determining Product Integrity for Nutrition Research","volume":"7","author":"Mudge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr. Int. Rev. J."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"239","article-title":"Reassessing bioavailability of silymarin","volume":"16","author":"Javed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev. A J. Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"193","article-title":"A review of the bioavailability and clinical efficacy of milk thistle phytosome: A silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (Siliphos)","volume":"10","author":"Kidd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev. A J. Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.9770","article-title":"Silymarin: What is in the name? An appeal for a change of editorial policy","volume":"32","author":"Kren","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735407301825","article-title":"Milk Thistle Nomenclature: Why It Matters in Cancer Research and Pharmacokinetic Studies","volume":"6","author":"Kroll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Pinho, C., Coimbra, C., and Oliveira, A. (2016, January 29\u201330). The quality and safety of commercially available herbal dietary supplements with milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.). Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress of Health Research, Viseu, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-019-09625-z","article-title":"Botanical ingredient identification and quality assessment: Strengths and limitations of analytical techniques","volume":"19","author":"Upton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1529-8339","article-title":"Quality Control of Herbal Medicines: From Traditional Techniques to State-of-the-art Approaches","volume":"87","author":"Viaene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2023, February 25). Guideline on Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for Herbal Substances, Herbal Preparations and Herbal Medicinal Products. EMEA\/CVMP\/815\/00, Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/guideline-specifications-test-procedures-acceptance-criteria-herbal-substances-herbal-preparations_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(04)00676-2","article-title":"Quality control of herbal medicines","volume":"812","author":"Liang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Sherma, J. (2006). Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/91.1.13","article-title":"Validation of high-performance thin-layer chromatographic methods for the identification of botanicals in a cGMP environment","volume":"91","author":"Reich","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1088393","article-title":"HPLC in natural product analysis: The detection issue","volume":"75","author":"Wolfender","year":"2009","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)01971-4","article-title":"Analysis of the active components of silymarin","volume":"990","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.01.072","article-title":"Multiclass mycotoxin analysis in Silybum marianum by ultra high performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry using a procedure based on QuEChERS and dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction","volume":"1282","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2012.664788","article-title":"Occurrence of aflatoxins in milk thistle herbal supplements","volume":"29","author":"Tournas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickova, D., Ostry, V., Toman, J., and Malir, F. (2020). Presence of Mycotoxins in Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) Food Supplements: A Review. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12120782"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2006.07.063","article-title":"Analysis and comparison of active constituents in commercial standardized silymarin extracts by liquid chromatography\u2013electrospray ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"845","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.03.023","article-title":"A review of near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics in pharmaceutical technologies","volume":"44","author":"Roggo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2021.103629","article-title":"Fast determination of three components in milk thistle extract with a hand-held NIR spectrometer and chemometrics tools","volume":"113","author":"Ashie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"168","article-title":"The Determination of Contained Compounds in Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. (Gaertn.))","volume":"23","author":"Vagnerova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mendel Net"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.714434","article-title":"Analytical Challenges and Metrological Approaches to Ensuring Dietary Supplement Quality: International Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Durazzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b05494","article-title":"Head-to-Head Comparison of Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection versus Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for the Quantitative Analysis of the Silymarin Complex in Silybum marianum L. Fruit Extracts","volume":"64","author":"Cheilari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2218","article-title":"Biological identifications through DNA barcodes","volume":"270","author":"Hebert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"e98875","article-title":"Molecular identification of plants: From sequence to species","volume":"1","author":"Rydmark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Books"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2013.09.010","article-title":"DNA barcoding of medicinal plant material for identification","volume":"25","author":"Techen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12419","article-title":"DNA barcoding: An efficient tool to overcome authentication challenges in the herbal market","volume":"14","author":"Mishra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-111208","article-title":"DNA Barcoding for the Identification of Botanicals in Herbal Medicine and Dietary Supplements: Strengths and Limitations","volume":"82","author":"Parveen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"8","article-title":"DNA barcoding for industrial quality assurance, DNA barcoding: An efficient tool to overcome authentication chal-lenges in the herbal market","volume":"14","author":"Sgamma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, P.K. (2022). Evidence-Based Validation of Herbal Medicine, Elsevier. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85542-6.00025-1"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01227","article-title":"The DNA-Based Authentication of Commercial Herbal Products Reveals Their Globally Widespread Adulteration","volume":"10","author":"Ichim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2732","article-title":"Benefits and Limitations of DNA Barcoding and Metabarcoding in Herbal Product Authentication","volume":"29","author":"Raclariu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05470.x","article-title":"Towards next-generation biodiversity assessment using DNA metabarcoding","volume":"21","author":"Taberlet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00378","article-title":"Veronica officinalis Product Authentication Using DNA Metabarcoding and HPLC-MS Reveals Widespread Adulteration with Veronica chamaedrys","volume":"8","author":"Raclariu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.03.058","article-title":"What\u2019s in the box? Authentication of Echinacea herbal products using DNA metabarcoding and HPTLC","volume":"44","author":"Raclariu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01389-w","article-title":"Comparative authentication of Hypericum perforatum herbal products using DNA metabarcoding, TLC and HPLC-MS","volume":"7","author":"Raclariu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanova, N.V., Kuzmina, M.L., Braukmann, T.W.A., Borisenko, A.V., and Zakharov, E.V. (2016). Authentication of Herbal Supplements Using Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168628"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17475","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17475","article-title":"Combined DNA, toxicological and heavy metal analyses provides an auditing toolkit to improve pharmacovigilance of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)","volume":"5","author":"Coghlan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.04.040","article-title":"Comparative analysis of Illumina and Ion Torrent high-throughput sequencing platforms for identification of plant components in herbal teas","volume":"93","author":"Speranskaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2020.103767","article-title":"Metabarcoding reveals low fidelity and presence of toxic species in short chain-of-commercialization of herbal products","volume":"97","author":"Anthoons","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"e181112","article-title":"Risk assessment regarding the use of Annona muricata in food supplements","volume":"18","author":"Bakhiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2021.1990171","article-title":"Pharmacopeial Standards for the Quality Control of Botanical Dietary Supplements in the United States","volume":"1","author":"Sarma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2014.07.012","article-title":"Combining metabolomic analysis and microarray gene expression analysis in the characterization of the medicinal plant Chelidonium majus L.","volume":"21","author":"Orland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-5-30","article-title":"A comprehensive platform for quality control of botanical drugs (Phytomics QC): A case study of Huangqin Tang (HQT) and PHY906","volume":"5","author":"Tilton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.12.049","article-title":"Orthogonal and complementary measurements of properties of drug products containing nanomaterials","volume":"354","author":"Simon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780228","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.780228","article-title":"Chemometric-Guided Approaches for Profiling and Authenticating Botanical Materials","volume":"8","author":"Abraham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2016.249","article-title":"Application of Metabolomics to Quality Control of Natural Product Derived Medicines","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00601-y","article-title":"Plant metabolomics: A new strategy and tool for quality evaluation of Chinese medicinal materials","volume":"17","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201301007","DOI":"10.5936\/csbj.201301007","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics: An emerging approach to determine the composition of herbal products","volume":"4","author":"Commisso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200700650","article-title":"Ultra-performance LC\/TOF MS analysis of medicinal Panax herbs for metabolomic research","volume":"31","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93255-z","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics approach to discriminate mistletoe commercial products","volume":"11","author":"Vanhaverbeke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1336-1685","article-title":"HPLC-UV, Metabarcoding and Genome Skims of Botanical Dietary Supplements: A Case Study in Echinacea","volume":"87","author":"Handy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28813","article-title":"Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements","volume":"65","author":"Navarro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, D.R.d.C.M.A., Monteiro, C.S.d.J., and dos Santos, J.L. (2022). Herb-Induced Liver Injury\u2014A Challenging Diagnosis. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10020278"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00397-5","article-title":"Harmless Herbs? A Review of the Recent Literature","volume":"104","author":"Ernst","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1038\/480S98a","article-title":"Regulations: Herbal medicine rule book","volume":"480","author":"Gilbert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5604","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Plant Food Supplements and Plants Consumed as Food: Results from the Poisons Centres-Based PlantLIBRA Study","volume":"30","author":"Vecchio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-012-1353-z","article-title":"Contamination and adulteration of herbal medicinal products (HMPs): An overview of systematic reviews","volume":"69","author":"Posadzki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"92","article-title":"Multivariate Analysis in Metabolomics","volume":"1","author":"Worley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Metab."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/13\/3\/440\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:57:36Z","timestamp":1760122656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/13\/3\/440"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo13030440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo13030440","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]}}}