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offspring\u2019s risk of obesity and disease later in life. However, the identification of the mediators of this relationship, could be of clinical interest, taking into account the presence of other confounding factors, such as genetics and other shared influences. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolomic profiles of infants at birth (cord blood) and 6 and 12 months after birth to identify offspring metabolites associated with maternal GWG. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) metabolic profiles were measured in 154 plasma samples from newborns (82 cord blood samples) and in 46 and 26 of these samples at 6 months and 12 months of age, respectively. The levels of relative abundance of 73 metabolomic parameters were determined in all the samples. We performed univariate and machine-learning analysis of the association between the metabolic levels and maternal weight gain adjusted for mother\u2018s age, Body Mass Index (BMI), diabetes, diet adherence and infant sex. Overall, our results showed differences, both at the univariate level and in the machine-learning models, between the offspring, according to the tertiles of maternal weight gain. Some of these differences were resolved at 6 and 12 months of age, whereas some others remained. Lactate and leucine were the metabolites with the strongest and longest association with maternal weight gain during pregnancy. Leucine, as well as other significant metabolites, have been associated in the past with metabolic wellness in both general and obese populations. Our results suggest that the metabolic changes associated to excessive GWG are present in children from early life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13040561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T02:26:02Z","timestamp":1681698362000},"page":"561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Impact of Maternal Weight Gain on the Newborn Metabolome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Guixeres-Esteve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Ponce-Zan\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Cl\u00ednico, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4404-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Cl\u00ednico, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3748-5529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Empar","family":"Lurbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Cl\u00ednico, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0452-7822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Alvarez-Pitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Cl\u00ednico, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4803-1573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Monle\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Cl\u00ednico, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6673.564","article-title":"Wadsworth ME Growth in utero, blood presure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease","volume":"294","author":"Barker","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5784","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to maternal obesity: Lasting cardiometabolic impact on offspring","volume":"40","author":"Kislal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prenat. 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