{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T13:24:06Z","timestamp":1781529846227,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tarbiat Modares University","award":["IR.MODARES.REC.1400.109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR.MODARES.REC.1400.109"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The number of Candida spp. infections and drug resistance are dramatically increasing worldwide, particularly among immunosuppressed patients, and it is urgent to find novel compounds with antifungal activity. In this work, the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of thymoquinone (TQ), a key bioactive constituent of black cumin seed Nigella sativa L., was evaluated against Candida glabrata, a WHO \u2018high-priority\u2019 pathogen. Then, its effect on the expression of C. glabrata EPA6 and EPA7 genes (related to biofilm adhesion and development, respectively) were analyzed. Swab samples were taken from the oral cavity of 90 hospitalized patients in ICU wards, transferred to sterile falcon tubes, and cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and Chromagar Candida for presumptive identification. Next, a 21-plex PCR was carried out for the confirmation of species level. C. glabrata isolates underwent antifungal drug susceptibility testing against fluconazole (FLZ), itraconazole (ITZ), amphotericin B (AMB), and TQ according to the CLSI microdilution method (M27, A3\/S4). Biofilm formation was measured by an MTT assay. EPA6 and EPA7 gene expression was assessed by real-time PCR. From the 90 swab samples, 40 isolates were identified as C. glabrata with the 21-plex PCR. Most isolates were resistant to FLZ (n = 29, 72.5%), whereas 12.5% and 5% were ITZ and AMB resistant, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) of TQ against C. glabrata was 50 \u00b5g\/mL. Importantly, TQ significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of C. glabrata isolates, and EPA6 gene expression was reduced significantly at MIC50 concentration of TQ. TQ seems to have some antifungal, antibiofilm (adhesion) effect on C. glabrata isolates, showing that this plant secondary metabolite is a promising agent to overcome Candida infections, especially oral candidiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13040580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T07:51:17Z","timestamp":1682063477000},"page":"580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Thymoquinone Antifungal Activity against Candida glabrata Oral Isolates from Patients in Intensive Care Units\u2014An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Noura","family":"Nouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahla Roudbar","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1978-1559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Beardsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Westmead Hospital, NSW Health, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peyman","family":"Aslani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411718541, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ghaffarifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Roudbary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8633-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia Fortuna","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TOXRUN\u2014Toxicology Research Unit, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio\u2014CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2009.00505.x","article-title":"Oral Candida infection and colonization in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"24","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. 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