{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:12:44Z","timestamp":1789434764778,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31972606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972606"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32172788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172788"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stress caused by noise is becoming widespread globally. Noise may lead to deafness, endocrine disorders, neurological diseases, and a decline in mental health. The mechanism behind noise-induced neurodevelopmental abnormalities is unclear, but apoptosis and pro-inflammatory signals may play an important role. In this study, weaned piglets were used as a model to explore noise-induced neurodevelopmental abnormalities. We hypothesized that long-term noise exposure would induce anxiety and cause acute stress, exhibited by alterations in neurotransmission in the amygdala. A total of 72 hybrid piglets (Large White \u00d7 Duroc \u00d7 Min Pig) were randomly divided into three groups, including noise (exposed to mechanical noise, 80\u201385 dB), control (blank, exposed to natural background sound, &lt;40 dB), and music (positive control, exposed to Mozart K.448, 60\u201370 dB) groups. The piglets were exposed to 6 h of auditory noise daily (10:00\u201316:00) for 28 days. Compared with the control group, piglets exposed to noise showed more aggressive behavior. The expression of Caspase3, Caspase9, Bax, NF-\u03baB (p56), TLR4, MYD88, I \u03ba B \u03b1, IL-1 \u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-12RB2 was significantly upregulated in the amygdala, while the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, CAT, and SOD was downregulated in piglets in the noise group. Cell death occurred, and numerous inflammatory cells accumulated in the amygdala of piglets in the noise group. Targeted metabolomics showed that the content of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA was higher in the amygdala of piglets in the noise group. Compared with the noise group, piglets in the music group displayed more positive emotion-related behaviors. Compared with the noise group, the expression of genes related to apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative damage was lower in the music group. Cells of the amygdala in the music group were also of normal morphology. Our results show that noise-induced stress causes apoptosis and neuroinflammation in the amygdala and induces anxiety during the early neonatal neural development of piglets. In contrast, to some extent, music alleviates noise-induced anxiety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13080928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1691498753000},"page":"928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Effect of Noise and Music on Neurotransmitters in the Amygdala: The Role Auditory Stimuli Play in Emotion Regulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Haoyang","family":"Nian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street No. 59, Harbin 150030, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street No. 59, Harbin 150030, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanru","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street No. 59, Harbin 150030, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honggui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street No. 59, Harbin 150030, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7736-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street No. 59, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8944-086X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street No. 59, Harbin 150030, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6315-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street No. 59, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9492-0507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street No. 59, Harbin 150030, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarosi\u0144ska, D., H\u00e9roux, M.-\u00c8., Wilkhu, P., Creswick, J., Verbeek, J., Wothge, J., and Paunovi\u0107, E. 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