{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:28:11Z","timestamp":1760149691589,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Provincial Government of Styria","award":[".","."],"award-info":[{"award-number":[".","."]}]},{"name":"Medical University Graz","award":[".","."],"award-info":[{"award-number":[".","."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous research has focused on the relationship between affective disorders (AD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Aside from biological and lifestyle factors, personality traits were identified as influencing aspects. In particular, the Dark Triad personality traits (DT; Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy) were connected to both AD and worse somatic health, thus possibly resulting in MetS. This observational study aimed to investigate the associations between DT and anthropometric parameters and differences in the DT traits concerning the presence of MetS in individuals with AD. A total of 112 individuals (females = 59, males = 51, diverse = 2, Mage = 47.5, SDage = 11.5) with AD filled out the Short Dark Triad questionnaire. Body Mass Index (BMI) and MetS criteria, including blood pressure, waist circumference, lipid, and glucose levels, were assessed. For Machiavellianism, a positive association with BMI (r = 0.29, p &lt; 0.05) and a negative association with systolic blood pressure (r = \u22120.23, p &lt; 0.05) were found. No relationship between the overall MetS and DT score (r = 0.08, p = 0.409) was observed. The results were limited by the lack of a control group and the cross-sectional study design, which does not allow for the determination of causality. Machiavellianism was associated with a higher BMI and lower systolic blood pressure, indicating a deteriorating health effect of this trait. Possibly, the higher prevalence of MetS in AD stems from aspects such as lifestyle or medication intake, which might also be influenced by DT. Further research is needed to disentangle underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13080956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T10:29:25Z","timestamp":1692354565000},"page":"956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolic Syndrome in Affective Disorders: Associations with Dark Triad Personality Traits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fiona","family":"Brugger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9645-4503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena M. D.","family":"Sch\u00f6nthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2389-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Baranyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5964-4087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva Z.","family":"Reininghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"von Lewinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Dalkner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.065","article-title":"A nation-wide population-based longitudinal study on life expectancy and cause specific mortality in patients with bipolar disorder and their siblings","volume":"294","author":"Kessing","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.067","article-title":"Mortality and life expectancy in persons with severe unipolar depression","volume":"193","author":"Laursen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gby028","article-title":"Childhood socioeconomic status and late-adulthood mental health: Results from the survey on health, ageing and retirement in Europe","volume":"74","author":"Angelini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v12.i1.187","article-title":"Risk factors for suicidal behaviour in late-life depression: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Lagunas","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2020-1246","article-title":"Physical health in affective disorders: A narrative review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Colomer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2023, May 17). The IDF Consensus Worldwide Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome. Available online: https:\/\/www.idf.org\/e-library\/consensus-statements\/60-idfconsensus-worldwide-definitionof-the-metabolic-syndrome.html."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2011.595821","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in a cohort of affectively ill patients, a naturalistic study","volume":"66","author":"Vinberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01759-z","article-title":"The association between depression and metabolic syndrome and its components: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8s","DOI":"10.11606\/S1518-8787.2017051007138","article-title":"Depression and health behaviors in Brazilian adults\u2013PNS 2013","volume":"51","author":"Barros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reininghaus, B., Dalkner, N., Sch\u00f6rkhuber, C., Fleischmann, E., Fellendorf, F.T., Ratzenhofer, M., Maget, A., Platzer, M., Bengesser, S.A., and Tmava-Berisha, A. (2022). Nutrition, Overweight, and Cognition in Euthymic Bipolar Individuals Compared to Healthy Controls. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061176"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12934","article-title":"Effects of antidepressant and antipsychotic use on weight gain: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Marti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.08.019","article-title":"Personality as a risk factor for the metabolic syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"73","author":"Mommersteeg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2022.110744","article-title":"Personality traits at age 16 and risk of metabolic syndrome at age 46","volume":"155","author":"Tanios","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.07.031","article-title":"Big Five traits, affect balance and health behaviors: A self-regulation resource perspective","volume":"87","author":"Sirois","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2011.02.009","article-title":"Big-Five personality factors, obesity and 2-year weight gain in Australian adults","volume":"45","author":"Magee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maneiro, L., Navas, M.P., Van Geel, M., Cutrin, O., and Vedder, P. (2020). Dark Triad traits and risky behaviours: Identifying risk profiles from a person-centred approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176194"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(02)00505-6","article-title":"The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy","volume":"36","author":"Paulhus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111845","article-title":"Who complies with prevention guidelines during the fourth wave of COVID-19 in Italy? An empirical study","volume":"199","author":"Giancola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840113","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.840113","article-title":"Social sustainability in late adolescence: Trait Emotional Intelligence mediates the impact of the Dark Triad on Altruism and Equity","volume":"13","author":"Giancola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-010-9102-4","article-title":"Living a fast life: The Dark Triad and life history theory","volume":"21","author":"Jonason","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Nat."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.11.009","article-title":"Different routes to limited empathy in the sexes: Examining the links between the Dark Triad and empathy","volume":"54","author":"Jonason","year":"2013","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"129","article-title":"Dark triad traits and health outcomes: An exploratory study","volume":"25","author":"Kardum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psihol. Teme"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110232","article-title":"Adaptive and maladaptive behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of Dark Triad traits, collective narcissism, and health beliefs","volume":"167","author":"Nowak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-019-01129-6","article-title":"Dark side of health-predicting health behaviors and diseases with the Dark Triad traits","volume":"29","author":"Malesza","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pub. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"368","article-title":"The dark triad and subjective well-being: The mediating role of cognitive-emotional regulation strategies","volume":"63","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.09.018","article-title":"Psychopathic personality factor \u201cFearless dominance\u201d is related to low self-reported stress-levels, fewer psychiatric symptoms, and more adaptive stress coping in psychiatric disorders","volume":"270","author":"Dalkner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psych. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109594","article-title":"Is Machiavellianism associated with depression? A cluster-analytic study","volume":"152","author":"Bianchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.10.002","article-title":"The positive effect of narcissism on depressive symptoms through mental toughness: Narcissism may be a dark trait but it does help with seeing the world less grey","volume":"55","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Cooper, J.E. (2019). Taschenf\u00fchrer zur ICD-10-Klassifikation Psychischer St\u00f6rungen, Hogrefe. [9th ed.]. Pocket, Guide."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191113514105","article-title":"Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits","volume":"21","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5334\/pb.520","article-title":"Normal personality, the Dark Triad, proactive attitude and perceived employability: A cross-cultural study in Belgium, Switzerland and Togo","volume":"60","author":"Atitsogbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome\u2014A new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the international diabetes federation","volume":"23","author":"Alberti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, May 17). WHO European Regional Obesity Report. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/353747\/9789289057738-eng.pdf\/2022."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013699998","article-title":"The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency","volume":"29","author":"Benjamini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"The incidence of machiavellianism in early and middle adolescent physically active girls","volume":"21","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Proceed. Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debska, M., Debski, P., Polecho\u0144ski, J., Rozpara, M., and Tomik, R. (2021). The Dark Triad of Personality in the Context of Health Behaviors: Ally or Enemy?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084113"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.01.008","article-title":"Dorian Gray without his portrait: Psychological, social, and physical health costs associated with the Dark Triad","volume":"78","author":"Jonason","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbeha.2022.100082","article-title":"Psychopathic traits predict lower adherence to COVID-19 containment measures","volume":"3","author":"Fairchild","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Behav. Sci."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/13\/8\/956\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:36:42Z","timestamp":1760128602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/13\/8\/956"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo13080956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo13080956","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2218-1989"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]}}}