{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:29:33Z","timestamp":1790623773829,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)"},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccination programs in the first years of a child\u2019s life are effective and extremely important strategies for the successful eradication of diseases. However, as no intervention is without risks, the metal-based components of some vaccines, such as thimerosal (TMS), a preservative composed of ethylmercury, and aluminum (Al), have begun to generate distrust on the part of the population. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of exposure to thimerosal and aluminum hydroxide (alone or in mixture) on Danio rerio (zebrafish) specimens. The fish were exposed to thimerosal and\/or aluminum hydroxide intraperitoneally. The liver, kidney, and brain were removed for a biochemical biomarker analysis, histopathological analysis, and metal quantification. As a result, we observed changes in the activity of the analyzed enzymes (SOD, GST, GPx) in the kidney and brain of the zebrafish, a reduction in GSH levels in all analyzed tissues, and a reduction in MT levels in the kidney and liver as well as in the brain. Changes in AChE enzyme activity were observed. The biochemical results corroborate the changes observed in the lesion index and histomorphology sections. We emphasize the importance of joint research on these compounds to increase the population\u2019s safety against their possible toxic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13090975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T06:57:35Z","timestamp":1693205855000},"page":"975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Toxicological Effects of Thimerosal and Aluminum in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maria Eduarda Andrade","family":"Galiciolli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632, \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba 80250-200, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Ferreira","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632, \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba 80250-200, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maritana Mela","family":"Prodocimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Centro Polit\u00e9cnico, Avenida Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100\u2014Jardim das Am\u00e9ricas, Curitiba\u2014PR, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrique Aparecido","family":"Laureano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632, \u00c1gua Verde, Curitiba 80250-200, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina Loise de Morais","family":"Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aplysia Assessoria e Consultoria Ltd., Rua J\u00falia Lacourt Penna, 335, Jd. 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