{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:12:02Z","timestamp":1785762722469,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81861138005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81861138005"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42377106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377106"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021A1515010492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515010492"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["GWV-10.1-XK11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWV-10.1-XK11"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["81861138005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81861138005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["42377106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377106"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2021A1515010492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515010492"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["GWV-10.1-XK11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWV-10.1-XK11"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai 3-year Public Health Action Plan","award":["81861138005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81861138005"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai 3-year Public Health Action Plan","award":["42377106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377106"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai 3-year Public Health Action Plan","award":["2021A1515010492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515010492"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai 3-year Public Health Action Plan","award":["GWV-10.1-XK11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWV-10.1-XK11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maintaining a diverse and well-balanced nasal and oral microbiota is vital for human health. However, the impact of indoor microbiome and metabolites on nasal and oral microbiota remains largely unknown. Fifty-six children in Shanghai were surveyed to complete a questionnaire about their personal and environmental characteristics. The indoor microbiome and metabolites from vacuumed indoor dust were profiled via shotgun metagenomics and untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS). The nasal and oral microbiota in children was characterized using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing from PacBio. Associations between personal\/environmental characteristics and the nasal\/oral microbiota were calculated using PERMANOVA and regression analyses. We identified 6247, 431, and 342 microbial species in the indoor dust, nasal, and oral cavities, respectively. The overall nasal and oral microbial composition showed significant associations with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure during pregnancy and early childhood (p = 0.005 and 0.03, respectively), and the abundance of total indoor flavonoids and two mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol and nivalenol) (p = 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03, respectively). Notably, the abundance of several flavonoids, such as baicalein, eupatilin, isoliquiritigenin, tangeritin, and hesperidin, showed positive correlations with alpha diversity and the abundance of protective microbial taxa in nasal and oral cavities (p &lt; 0.02), suggesting their potential beneficial roles in promoting nasal\/oral health. Conversely, high carbohydrate\/fat food intake and ETS exposure diminished protective microorganisms while augmenting risky microorganisms in the nasal\/oral cavities. Further, potential microbial transfer was observed from the indoor environment to the childhood oral cavity (Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus salivarius), which could potentially increase virulence factors related to adherence and immune modulation and vancomycin resistance genes in children. This is the first study to reveal the association between the indoor microbiome\/metabolites and nasal\/oral microbiota using multi-omic approaches. These findings reveal potential protective and risk factors related to the indoor microbial environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13101040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T01:42:12Z","timestamp":1695865332000},"page":"1040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Role of Indoor Microbiome and Metabolites in Shaping Children\u2019s Nasal and Oral Microbiota: A Pilot Multi-Omic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheyuan","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoru","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8596-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuohui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Shanghai Typhoon Institute\/CMA, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4799-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.08.010","article-title":"Human nasal microbiota","volume":"30","author":"Lemon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. 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