{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:04:52Z","timestamp":1791266692526,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22108095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22108095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) represents a significant global health concern, yet the available treatment options remain limited. Numerous studies have shown that gut microbiota is a critical target for the treatment of ALD. Additionally, there is increasing evidence that host metabolism also plays a crucial role in the development of ALD. Akkermansia muciniphila has been demonstrated to ameliorate experimental ALD through its modulatory effects on the intestinal vascular barrier, enhancement of mucus layer thickness, and promotion of intestinal tight junction proteins. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of studies investigating the impact of A. muciniphila on host metabolism and gut microbiota. Here, C57BL\/6 mice were utilized to establish a modified NIAAA model in order to investigate the impact of the oral administration of A. muciniphila during the development of ALD. Furthermore, we employed targeted metabolomics to analyze the serum metabolomic profiles of the mice and 2bRAD-M sequencing to comprehensively examine the underlying mechanisms of the efficacy of A. muciniphila on ALD. Our results illustrated that the oral administration of A. muciniphila alleviated alcohol-induced liver injury in conjunction with encouraged serum levels of ornithine and diminished the elevation of oxalic acid levels induced by alcohol intake. In addition, A. muciniphila also inhibited the proliferation of harmful bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Helicobacter hepaticus, induced by alcohol consumption while promoting the growth of butyrate-producing and commensal bacteria, including Paramuribaculum intestinale and Bacteroides ovatus. In conclusion, this study suggests that A. muciniphila restores ALD by regulating the gut microbiota, and this corrective effect is associated with alterations in the serum metabolism. Our research supplies a theoretical basis for developing A. muciniphila as an innovative generation of probiotic for preventing and managing ALD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13101057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T14:03:03Z","timestamp":1696687383000},"page":"1057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Akkermansia muciniphila Ameliorates Alcoholic Liver Disease in Experimental Mice by Regulating Serum Metabolism and Improving Gut Dysbiosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5662-7836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China"},{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C687","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00276.2017","article-title":"Alcohol-induced adipose tissue macrophage phenotypic switching is independent of myeloid Toll-like receptor 4 expression","volume":"317","author":"Fulham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84051","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.84051","article-title":"Smoking, alcohol consumption, and 24 gastrointestinal diseases: Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadokoro, T., Morishita, A., Himoto, T., and Masaki, T. (2023). Nutritional Support for Alcoholic Liver Disease. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061360"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seitz, H.K., and Neuman, M.G. (2021). The History of Alcoholic Liver Disease: From an Unrecognized Disease to One of the Most Frequent Diseases in Hepatology. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040858"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107752","article-title":"Targeted treatment of alcoholic liver disease based on inflammatory signalling pathways","volume":"222","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.10.042","article-title":"Gut\u2013Liver Axis in Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"148","author":"Szabo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29676","article-title":"Modulation of the intestinal bile acid\/farnesoid X receptor\/fibroblast growth factor 15 axis improves alcoholic liver disease in mice","volume":"67","author":"Hartmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310585","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota contributes to individual susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease","volume":"65","author":"Llopis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00904-3","article-title":"The gut\u2013liver axis and gut microbiota in health and liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2022.2037506","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila plays critical roles in host health","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02873-0","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium","volume":"54","author":"Derrien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7357","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2045894","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: From its critical role in human health to strategies for promoting its abundance in human gut microbiome","volume":"63","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.02.005","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and its role in regulating host functions","volume":"106","author":"Derrien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984104","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1984104","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: Is it the Holy Grail for ameliorating metabolic diseases?","volume":"13","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00631-9","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: Paradigm for next-generation beneficial microorganisms","volume":"19","author":"Cani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0495-2","article-title":"Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: A proof-of-concept exploratory study","volume":"25","author":"Depommier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221485","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2221485","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila inhibits nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by orchestrating TLR2-activated \u03b3\u03b4T17 cell and macrophage polarization","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03004-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03004-19","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila Prevents Fatty Liver Disease, Decreases Serum Triglycerides, and Maintains Gut Homeostasis","volume":"86","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e22689","article-title":"Wolfberry enhanced the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila by YAP1 in mice with acetaminophen-induced liver injury","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00985-20","article-title":"Impaired Intestinal Akkermansia muciniphila and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligands Contribute to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313432","article-title":"Recovery of ethanol-induced Akkermansia muciniphila depletion ameliorates alcoholic liver disease","volume":"67","author":"Grander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851986","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1851986","article-title":"The role of gut vascular barrier in experimental alcoholic liver disease and A. muciniphila supplementation","volume":"12","author":"Grander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320105","article-title":"A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurised bacterium blunts colitis associated tumourigenesis by modulation of CD8+ T cells in mice","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.032","article-title":"Mouse model of chronic and binge ethanol feeding (the NIAAA model)","volume":"8","author":"Bertola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, C., Lu, W., Liu, Q., Chen, Y., Jia, W., and Xu, Y. (2022). Comparative study between the effects of aged and fresh Chinese baijiu on gut microbiota and host metabolism. Food Biosci., 49.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.101859"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2023","article-title":"2b-RAD: A simple and flexible method for genome-wide genotyping","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00796-5","article-title":"Integrated analysis of microbiome and host transcriptome reveals correlations between gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074286","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1074286","article-title":"Study on mechanism of action of total flavonoids from Cortex Juglandis Mandshuricae against alcoholic liver disease based on \u201cgut-liver axis\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500899","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500899","article-title":"Rhubarb extract prevents hepatic inflammation induced by acute alcohol intake, an effect related to the modulation of the gut microbiota","volume":"61","author":"Neyrinck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.112","article-title":"Modulation of gut microbiota mediates berberine-induced expansion of immuno-suppressive cells to against alcoholic liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Wang, S.X., Zhang, N.H., Zhou, J.X., Mehmood, A., Raka, R.N., Zhou, F., and Zhao, L. (2022). The Beneficial Effects of Natural Extracts and Bioactive Compounds on the Gut-Liver Axis: A Promising Intervention for Alcoholic Liver Disease. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061211"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Liu, M., Fu, X., Zhang, Z., Zhu, L., Zheng, X., and Liu, J. (2018). Astaxanthin Prevents Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating Mouse Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091298"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000019","article-title":"Conventional type 1 dendritic cells protect against gut barrier disruption via maintaining Akkermansia muciniphila in alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"78","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2022.9250034","article-title":"Protective mechanism of Coprinus comatus polysaccharide on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice, the metabolomics and gut microbiota investigation","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(20)30884-9","article-title":"Early diagnosis of alcohol-related liver disease and timely intervention: The role of alcohol care teams","volume":"73","author":"Stapleton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.10.009","article-title":"Aldehyde dedydrogenase-2 plays a beneficial role in ameliorating chronic alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation through regulation of autophagy","volume":"62","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.1_Suppl.S42","article-title":"Can arginine and ornithine support gut functions?","volume":"35","author":"Cynober","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, J., Jin, J., Jeon, S., Moon, S.H., Park, M.Y., Yum, D.-Y., Kim, J.H., Kang, J.-E., Park, M.H., and Kim, E.-J. (2020). SOD1 suppresses pro-inflammatory immune responses by protecting against oxidative stress in colitis. Redox Biol., 37.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101760"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, H.B., Li, Y.Y., Yun, H., Zhang, T., Huang, Y.G., Zhou, J., Yan, H., Wei, J.M., Liu, Y.Q., and Zhang, Z.Q. (2019). Lactobacillus maintains healthy gut mucosa by producing L-Ornithine. Commun. Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0424-4"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000491429","article-title":"Hepatoprotection by L-Ornithine L-Aspartate in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"37","author":"Butterworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12494","article-title":"Primary hyperoxaluria complicated with liver cirrhosis: A case report","volume":"45","author":"Kogiso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, T.T., Yu, H.T., Zhang, Z.M., Xie, Y.F., Yang, L., and You, F.P. (2022). Intestinal ELF4 Deletion Exacerbates Alcoholic Liver Disease by Disrupting Gut Homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094825"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, S., Pithadia, R., Rehman, T., Zhang, L., Plichta, J., Radek, K.A., Forsyth, C., Keshavarzian, A., and Shafikhani, S.H. (2013). Chronic Alcohol Exposure Renders Epithelial Cells Vulnerable to Bacterial Infection. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054646"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bull-Otterson, L., Feng, W., Kirpich, I., Wang, Y., Qin, X., Liu, Y., Gobejishvili, L., Joshi-Barve, S., Ayvaz, T., and Petrosino, J. (2013). Metagenomic Analyses of Alcohol Induced Pathogenic Alterations in the Intestinal Microbiome and the Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Treatment. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053028"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24018","article-title":"Enteric dysbiosis associated with a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"53","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabo2794","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo2794","article-title":"Inhibition of microbial deconjugation of micellar bile acids protects against intestinal permeability and liver injury","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-015-1522-2","article-title":"Protective effect of simvastatin on impaired intestine tight junction protein ZO-1 in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol.-Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2015.12.013","article-title":"Occludin deficiency promotes ethanol-induced disruption of colonic epithelial junctions, gut barrier dysfunction and liver damage in mice","volume":"1860","author":"Mir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10697","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c04370","article-title":"Sesamol Supplementation Attenuates DSS-Induced Colitis via Mediating Gut Barrier Integrity, Inflammatory Responses, and Reshaping Gut Microbiome","volume":"68","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062961","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1062961","article-title":"Apigenin remodels the gut microbiota to ameliorate ulcerative colitis","volume":"9","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-011-0139-z","article-title":"Yokenella regensburgei in an immunocompromised host: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"39","author":"Lo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laupland, K.B., Paterson, D.L., Edwards, F., Stewart, A.G., and Harris, P.N.A. (2022). Morganella morganii, an Emerging Cause of Bloodstream Infections. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00569-22"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.10.012","article-title":"Genetic and environmental factors shape the host response to Helicobacter hepaticus: Insights into IBD pathogenesis","volume":"65","author":"Jeffery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, F., Wang, D., Hu, J., Zhang, Y., Tan, B.K., and Lin, S. (2022). Control Measurements of Escherichia coli Biofilm: A Review. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11162469"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.06.011","article-title":"Proteobacteria: Microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganesan, R., Gupta, H., Jeong, J.-J., Sharma, S.P., Won, S.-M., Oh, K.-K., Yoon, S.J., Han, S.H., Yang, Y.J., and Baik, G.H. (Hepatol. Int., 2023). Characteristics of microbiome-derived metabolomics according to the progression of alcoholic liver disease, Hepatol. Int., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10518-9"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001643","article-title":"Kineothrix alysoides, gen. nov., sp. nov., a saccharolytic butyrate-producer within the family Lachnospiraceae","volume":"67","author":"Haas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134684","article-title":"Naturally-diverse airborne environmental microbial exposures modulate the gut microbiome and may provide anxiolytic benefits in mice","volume":"701","author":"Liddicoat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx009","article-title":"Butyrate: A Double-Edged Sword for Health?","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32835665fa","article-title":"Butyrate: Implications for intestinal function","volume":"15","author":"Leonel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.10.024","article-title":"Butyrate\u2019s role in human health and the current progress towards its clinical application to treat gastrointestinal disease","volume":"42","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037696","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1037696","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the pleiotropic effects of butyrate as a potential therapeutic agent on NAFLD management: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Amiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, P., Li, Q., Liu, L., Wang, S., Wu, Z., Tao, Y., Huang, P., and Wang, P. (2022). Crocetin Prolongs Recovery Period of DSS-Induced Colitis via Altering Intestinal Microbiome and Increasing Intestinal Permeability. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073832"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114118","article-title":"Mori fructus aqueous extracts attenuate carbon tetrachloride-induced renal injury via the Nrf2 pathway and intestinal flora","volume":"245","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02147-3","article-title":"Epstein Barr virus infection in tree shrews alters the composition of gut microbiota and metabolome profile","volume":"20","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027853","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2027853","article-title":"Bacteroides acidifaciens in the gut plays a protective role against CD95-mediated liver injury","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/13\/10\/1057\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:02:38Z","timestamp":1760130158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/13\/10\/1057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo13101057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo13101057","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]]}}}