{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:57:18Z","timestamp":1792177038109,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review explores the impact of gender on medication adherence in the context of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Optimal adherence to medication is crucial for achieving treatment goals and preventing adverse outcomes in chronic diseases. The review examines specific conditions such as type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and heart failure. In type 2 diabetes, female sex, younger age, new drug prescription, non-white ethnicity, low education level, and low income were identified as predictors of non-adherence. Depressive disorders were also found to influence adherence. In hypercholesterolemia, women exhibited poorer adherence to statin therapy compared to men, with statin-related side effects and patient perception being significant factors. Adherence to anti-hypertensive therapy showed conflicting results, with studies reporting both higher and lower adherence in women. Limited evidence suggests that women may have poorer adherence after acute myocardial infarction and stroke. Regarding heart failure, adherence studies have shown inconsistent findings. The reasons for gender differences in medication adherence are multifactorial and include sociodemographic, disease-related, treatment-related, and psychological factors. This review emphasizes the need for further research to better understand these differences and develop gender-customized interventions that can improve medication adherence and reduce the burden of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13101087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T08:08:33Z","timestamp":1697530113000},"page":"1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Gender-Related Factors in Medication Adherence for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1707-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Venditti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1659-6796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Bleve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8156-9543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Morano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Filardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04167.x","article-title":"A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications","volume":"73","author":"Vrijens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39553.670231.25","article-title":"Adherence to prescribed antihypertensive drug treatments: Longitudinal study of electronically compiled dosing histories","volume":"336","author":"Vrijens","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-020-01400-3","article-title":"Medication Non-adherence: A Major Cause of Resistant Hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Hamrahian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, June 08). Definig Adherence 2003. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/chp\/knowledge\/publications\/adherence_Section1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.11.029","article-title":"Gender Matters in Biological Research and Medical Practice","volume":"67","author":"Schiebinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.16405","article-title":"Reporting Sex, Gender, or Both in Clinical Research?","volume":"316","author":"Clayton","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2021, June 08). Diabetes Atlas 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.diabetesatlas.org\/en\/resources\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60361-4","article-title":"Trends in diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality in Ontario, Canada 1995\u20132005: A population-based study","volume":"369","author":"Lipscombe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00147","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Diabetes Mellitus among Adults Aged 45 Years and Older in Rural Areas of Northern China: A Cross-Sectional, Population-Based Study","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Prospective Studies Collaboration, and Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration (2018). Sex-specific relevance of diabetes to occlusive vascular and other mortality: A collaborative meta-analysis of individual data from 980,793 adults from 68 prospective studies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol., 6, 538\u2013546."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Sarwar, N., Gao, P., Seshasai, S.R., Gobin, R., Kaptoge, S., Di Angelantonio, E., Ingelsson, E., Lawlor, D.A., and Selvin, E. (2010). Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: A collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet, 375, 2215\u20132222.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60484-9"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.15.1737","article-title":"Explaining the sex difference in coronary heart disease mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Kanaya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio0516","article-title":"Coronary heart disease in women: Highlights of the past 2 years--stepping stones, milestones and obstructing boulders","volume":"3","author":"Wenger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F456","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00249.2019","article-title":"Sex differences in diabetes and kidney disease: Mechanisms and consequences","volume":"317","author":"Shepard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1014-6","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for incident chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in women compared with men: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164116687237","article-title":"Sex differences in vascular stiffness and relationship to the risk of renal functional decline in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Earle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160047","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in chronic kidney disease: Progression to end-stage renal disease and haemodialysis","volume":"130","author":"Cobo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1588","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Dementia in Women Compared with Men: A Pooled Analysis of 2.3 Million People Comprising More Than 100,000 Cases of Dementia","volume":"39","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4664-5","article-title":"Sex differences in the association between diabetes and cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 121 cohorts including 20 million individuals and one million events","volume":"61","author":"Ohkuma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-016-0593-1","article-title":"Clinical presentation of CAD and myocardial ischemia in women","volume":"23","author":"Wenger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170130153704","article-title":"Sex Differences in Type-2 Diabetes: Implications for Cardiovascular Risk Management","volume":"23","author":"Raparelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4939-5","article-title":"Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course","volume":"62","author":"Huebschmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160004","article-title":"Gender, aging and longevity in humans: An update of an intriguing\/neglected scenario paving the way to a gender-specific medicine","volume":"130","author":"Ostan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039100","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk and Risk Factor Management in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"139","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.10.009","article-title":"The SNP rs9677 of VPAC1 gene is associated with glycolipid control and heart function in female patients with type 2 diabetes: A follow-up study","volume":"26","author":"Tavaglione","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035550","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Prevalence of, and Trends in, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Treatment, and Control in the United States, 2001 to 2016","volume":"139","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12073","article-title":"Gender differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors, treatments and complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: The RIACE Italian multicentre study","volume":"274","author":"Penno","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choe, S.-A., Kim, J.Y., Ro, Y.S., and Cho, S.-I. (2018). Women are less likely than men to achieve optimal glycemic control after 1 year of treatment: A multi-level analysis of a Korean primary care cohort. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196719"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11005","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11005","article-title":"Predictors of treatment failure during the first year in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients: A retrospective, observational study","volume":"9","author":"Sia","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.07.012","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in therapy of type 2 diabetes","volume":"131","author":"Harreiter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2257","article-title":"Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Outcome Trials of Populations with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Clemens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2007.03.001","article-title":"Does quality of care for cardiovascular disease and diabetes differ by gender for enrollees in managed care plans?","volume":"17","author":"Bird","year":"2007","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa032214","article-title":"Sex and Racial Differences in the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction, 1994 through 2002","volume":"353","author":"Vaccarino","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Associazione Medici Diabetologi (2021, June 08). Nuovi Annali AMD 2020. Available online: https:\/\/aemmedi.it\/nuovi-annali-amd-2020\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Diabetologia (2021, June 08). Osservatorio ARNO 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.siditalia.it\/clinica\/linee-guida-societari\/send\/80-linee-guida-documenti-societari\/5025-rapporto-arno-diabete-2019."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30740-y","article-title":"Effect of medication adherence on long-term all-cause-mortality and hospitalization for cardiovascular disease in 65,067 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Association of Medication Adherence with Hospital Utilization and Costs among Elderly with Diabetes Enrolled in a State Pharmaceutical Assistance Program","volume":"26","author":"Pednekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manag. Care Spec. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S136639","article-title":"Cost of medication adherence and persistence in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A literature review","volume":"11","author":"Boye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"e208","article-title":"Medication adherence and improved outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Boye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-2533","article-title":"Biochemical Urine Testing of Medication Adherence and Its Association with Clinical Markers in an Outpatient Population of Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Analysis in the DIAbetes and LifEstyle Cohort Twente (DIALECT)","volume":"44","author":"Beernink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"S46","article-title":"Hot Topics in Primary Care: Medication Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Strategies for Addressing a Common Problem","volume":"66","author":"Brunton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2098","article-title":"Determinants of Adherence to Diabetes Medications: Findings from a Large Pharmacy Claims Database","volume":"38","author":"Kirkman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0361-5","article-title":"A Class Comparison of Medication Persistence in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Observational Study","volume":"9","author":"McGovern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2016.1190325","article-title":"Risk factors associated with treatment discontinuation and down-titration in type 2 diabetes patients treated with sulfonylureas","volume":"32","author":"Iglay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.03.021","article-title":"Retrospective real-world adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes initiating once-daily liraglutide 1.8 mg or twice-daily exenatide 10 mug","volume":"35","author":"Malmenas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13200","article-title":"Relationship between treatment persistence and A1C trends among patients with type 2 diabetes newly initiating basal insulin","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5414\/CP202772","article-title":"Treatment persistence in the use of basal insulins in Poland and Germany","volume":"55","author":"Rathmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horii, T., Momo, K., Yasu, T., Kabeya, Y., and Atsuda, K. (2019). Determination of factors affecting medication adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients using a nationwide claim-based database in Japan. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223431"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, N., Xie, S., Chen, Y., Li, J., and Sun, L. (2020). Factors Influencing Medication Non-Adherence among Chinese Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176012"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.3972","article-title":"Influence of Patient Sex and Gender on Medication Use, Adherence, and Prescribing Alignment with Guidelines","volume":"23","author":"Manteuffel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108693","article-title":"Influential factors in adherence to the therapeutic regime in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension","volume":"173","author":"Karniej","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-00567-7","article-title":"Predictors of poor adherence to antidiabetic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study insight from Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Demoz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721717747880","article-title":"Factors Associated with Medication Engagement among Older Adults with Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01943.x","article-title":"The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with Type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Ali","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.01.024","article-title":"Diabetes and depression: Global perspectives","volume":"87","author":"Egede","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02533.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study of affective and anxiety disorders, depressive affect and diabetes distress in adults with Type 2 diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Fisher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13448","article-title":"The prevalence of diabetes-specific emotional distress in people with Type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Perrin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1238","article-title":"Diabetes Distress but Not Clinical Depression or Depressive Symptoms Is Associated with Glycemic Control in Both Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses","volume":"33","author":"Fisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198119885416","article-title":"The Mediating Role of Diabetes Distress and Depressive Symptoms in Type 2 Diabetes Medication Adherence Gender Differences","volume":"47","author":"Aronson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/1742395317736372","article-title":"A solution-focused approach to understanding patient motivation in diabetes self-management: Gender differences and implications for primary care","volume":"14","author":"Bhaloo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chronic Illn."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-3012","article-title":"Comparison of community health worker-led diabetes medication decision-making support for low-income Latino and African American adults with diabetes using e-health tools versus print materials: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"161","author":"Heisler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198116656331","article-title":"Mediators and Moderators of Improvements in Medication Adherence","volume":"44","author":"Hofer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2015.03.001","article-title":"Social factors and barriers to self-care adherence in Hispanic men and women with diabetes","volume":"98","author":"Mansyur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2023.03.005","article-title":"Socio-personal factors affecting adherence to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Shahabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prim. Care Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2018.05.180039","article-title":"The Role of Gender in Cost-Related Medication Nonadherence among Patients with Diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Bhuyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2021, June 08). Cities Changing Diabetes. Available online: https:\/\/www.citieschangediabetes.com\/."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00541-4","article-title":"Global epidemiology of dyslipidaemias","volume":"18","author":"Pirillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2021, June 08). Global Health Data Exchange. GBD Results Tool. Available online: http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/gbd-results-tool."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9","article-title":"Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study","volume":"364","author":"Yusuf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Ferreira, D.L.S., Nelson, S.M., Sattar, N., Ala-Korpela, M., and Lawlor, D.A. (2018). Metabolic characterization of menopause: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence. BMC Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1008-8"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Kat, A.C., Dam, V., Onland-Moret, N.C., Eijkemans, M.J.C., Broekmans, F.J.M., and van der Schouw, Y.T. (2017). Unraveling the associations of age and menopause with cardiovascular risk factors in a large population-based study. BMC Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0762-8"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647865","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2647865","article-title":"Cardiometabolic Risk in Hyperlipidemic Men and Women","volume":"2016","author":"Leutner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cholesterol Treatment Trialists\u2019 (CTT) Collaboration, Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., Emberson, J., Holland, L.E., Reith, C., Bhala, N., Peto, R., Barnes, E.H., and Keech, A. (2010). Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: A meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet, 376, 1670\u20131681.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61350-5"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Di Angelantonio, E., Gao, P., Pennells, L., Kaptoge, S., Caslake, M., Thompson, A., Butterworth, A.S., Sarwar, N., and Wormser, D. (2012). Lipid-related markers and cardiovascular disease prediction. JAMA, 307, 2499\u20132506."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.13985","article-title":"Association Between Lowering LDL-C and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction among Different Therapeutic Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"316","author":"Silverman","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67394-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: Prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins","volume":"366","author":"Baigent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455","article-title":"2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk","volume":"41","author":"Mach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cholesterol Treatment Trialists\u2019 (CTT) Collaborators, Mihaylova, B., Emberson, J., Blackwell, L., Keech, A., Simes, J., Barnes, E.H., Voysey, M., Gray, A., and Collins, R. (2012). The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: Meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet, 380, 581\u2013590.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60367-5"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cholesterol Treatment Trialists\u2019 (CTT) Collaborators, Fulcher, J., O\u2019Connell, R., Voysey, M., Emberson, J., Blackwell, L., Mihaylova, B., Simes, J., Collins, R., and Kirby, A. (2015). Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: Meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet, 385, 1397\u20131405.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61368-4"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60084-1","article-title":"Are lipid-lowering guidelines evidence-based?","volume":"369","author":"Abramson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.08.001","article-title":"Impact of gender in primary prevention of coronary heart disease with statin therapy: A meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Petretta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e205202","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.5202","article-title":"Participation of Women and Older Participants in Randomized Clinical Trials of Lipid-Lowering Therapies: A Systematic Review","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)60993-2","article-title":"Low rate of sex-specific result reporting in cardiovascular trials","volume":"82","author":"Blauwet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.4.455","article-title":"Long-term Persistence in Use of Statin Therapy in Elderly Patients","volume":"288","author":"Benner","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.20.1615","article-title":"Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: Results of AFCAPS\/TexCAPS. Air Force\/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study","volume":"279","author":"Downs","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2002). MRC\/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 360, 7\u201322.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09327-3"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12339","article-title":"Impact of statin adherence on cardiovascular disease and mortality outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"78","author":"Bhole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.16.1798","article-title":"Self-reported Medication Adherence and Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Stable Coronary Heart DiseaseThe Heart and Soul Study","volume":"167","author":"Gehi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S245365","article-title":"Reasons for Nonadherence to Statins\u2014A Systematic Review of Reviews","volume":"14","author":"Ingersgaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104514","article-title":"Sex-differences in factors and outcomes associated with adherence to statin therapy in primary care: Need for customisation strategies","volume":"155","author":"Olmastroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.02.011","article-title":"Gender and racial disparities in adherence to statin therapy: A meta-analysis","volume":"165","author":"Lewey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1P150","article-title":"Predictors of nonadherence to statins: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Mann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hope, H.F., Binkley, G.M., Fenton, S., Kitas, G.D., Verstappen, S.M.M., and Symmons, D.P.M. (2019). Systematic review of the predictors of statin adherence for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201196"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx256","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Factors Associated with Nonadherence and Discontinuation of Statins among People Aged >\/=65 Years","volume":"73","author":"Jakhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2014099","article-title":"Understanding patients\u2019 perspective of statin therapy: Can we design a better approach to the management of dyslipidaemia? A literature review","volume":"55","author":"Chee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e408","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp18X696365","article-title":"Patient beliefs and attitudes to taking statins: Systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"68","author":"Ju","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807646","article-title":"Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein","volume":"359","author":"Ridker","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"9","article-title":"Response to Letters Regarding Article, \u201cRisks Associated with Statin Therapy: A Systematic Overview of Randomized Clinical Trials\u201d","volume":"116","author":"Kashani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-005-5686-z","article-title":"Mild to Moderate Muscular Symptoms with High-Dosage Statin Therapy in Hyperlipidemic Patients \u2014The PRIMO Study","volume":"19","author":"Bruckert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2012.03.003","article-title":"Understanding Statin Use in America and Gaps in Patient Education (USAGE): An internet-based survey of 10,138 current and former statin users","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-7-201304020-00004","article-title":"Discontinuation of statins in routine care settings: A cohort study","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv043","article-title":"Statin-associated muscle symptoms: Impact on statin therapy-European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management","volume":"36","author":"Stroes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912","article-title":"Abstract 16828: Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-based Studies from 90 Countries","volume":"132","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Collaboration NCDRF (2017). Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: A pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants. Lancet, 389, 37\u201355."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008888","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008888","article-title":"Trends in Prevalence and Control of Hypertension According to the 2017 American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association (ACC\/AHA) Guideline","volume":"7","author":"Dorans","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60861-7","article-title":"Hypertension in developing countries","volume":"380","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2006.08.004","article-title":"Blood Pressure Parameters and Risk of Fatal Stroke, NHANES II Mortality Study","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200304000-00013","article-title":"Blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in the Asia Pacific region","volume":"21","author":"Lawes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.201400","article-title":"Impact of age on the importance of systolic and diastolic blood pressures for stroke risk: The MOnica, Risk, Genetics, Archiving, and Monograph (MORGAM) Project","volume":"60","author":"Vishram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19043","article-title":"Global Burden of Hypertension and Systolic Blood Pressure of at Least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990\u20132015","volume":"317","author":"Forouzanfar","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11911-8","article-title":"Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: A meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies","volume":"360","author":"Lewington","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000378","article-title":"Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension. 1. Overview, meta-analyses, and meta-regression analyses of randomized trials","volume":"32","author":"Thomopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, June 08). Hypertension Fact Sheets 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hypertension."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-126-10-199705150-00002","article-title":"Effect of antihypertensive drug treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in women and men. A meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized, controlled trials. The INDANA Investigators","volume":"126","author":"Gueyffier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2005.04087.x","article-title":"Gender and blood pressure","volume":"7","author":"Oparil","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2008.185","article-title":"Gender Differences in Hypertension Treatment, Drug Utilization Patterns, and Blood Pressure Control among US Adults with Hypertension: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999\u20132004","volume":"21","author":"Gu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(02)94787-3","article-title":"Prevention and Rehabilitation: Preventing heart disease by controlling hypertension: Impact of hypertensive subtype, stage, age, and sex","volume":"145","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.176859","article-title":"Predictors of decline in medication adherence: Results from the cohort study of medication adherence among older adults","volume":"58","author":"Joyce","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gale, N.K., Greenfield, S., Gill, P., Gutridge, K., and Marshall, T. (2011). Patient and general practitioner attitudes to taking medication to prevent cardiovascular disease after receiving detailed information on risks and benefits of treatment: A qualitative study. BMC Fam. Pract., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-12-59"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32835e2286","article-title":"Resistant hypertension? Assessment of adherence by toxicological urine analysis","volume":"31","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2013.03.1631","article-title":"Impact of Interventions on Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control in Patients with Essential Hypertension: A Systematic Review by the ISPOR Medication Adherence and Persistence Special Interest Group","volume":"16","author":"Manias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000163641.86870.af","article-title":"Impact of Medication Adherence on Hospitalization Risk and Healthcare Cost","volume":"43","author":"Sokol","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38875.675486.55","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the association between adherence to drug therapy and mortality","volume":"333","author":"Simpson","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328342ca97","article-title":"Better compliance to antihypertensive medications reduces cardiovascular risk","volume":"29","author":"Corrao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006056","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006056","article-title":"Antihypertensive Medication Adherence and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease among Older Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.08.015","article-title":"Drug adherence in hypertension","volume":"125 Pt B","author":"Burnier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002222","article-title":"Women discontinue antihypertensive drug therapy more than men. Evidence from an Italian population-based study","volume":"38","author":"Rea","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000222","article-title":"Factors involved in the discontinuation of antihypertensive drug therapy: An analysis from real life data","volume":"32","author":"Mancia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1156","article-title":"Differences in antihypertensive drug persistence associated with drug class and gender: A PHARMO study","volume":"14","author":"Erkens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24654","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024654","article-title":"Nonadherence to antihypertensive medications amongst patients with uncontrolled hypertension: A retrospective study","volume":"100","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07720","article-title":"Trends in Antihypertensive Medication Discontinuation and Low Adherence among Medicare Beneficiaries Initiating Treatment from 2007 to 2012","volume":"68","author":"Tajeu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.08.008","article-title":"Antihypertensive Drug Persistence and Compliance among Newly Treated Elderly Hypertensives in Ontario","volume":"123","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4908","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004908","article-title":"Persistence to antihypertensive drug classes: A cohort study using the Swedish Primary Care Cardiovascular Database (SPCCD)","volume":"95","author":"Qvarnstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e036418","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-036418","article-title":"Sex differences in the adherence of antihypertensive drugs: A systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"10","author":"Biffi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, June 08). Cariovascular Diseases (CVDs) Fact Sheets 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000298","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000298","article-title":"Sex differences in coronary heart disease and stroke mortality: A global assessment of the effect of ageing between 1980 and 2010","volume":"2","author":"Bots","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60781-2","article-title":"Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in women compared with men: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"378","author":"Huxley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3260-6","article-title":"Diabetes as risk factor for incident coronary heart disease in women compared with men: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts including 858,507 individuals and 28,203 coronary events","volume":"57","author":"Peters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60040-4","article-title":"Diabetes as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts, including 775,385 individuals and 12,539 strokes","volume":"383","author":"Huxley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4840-2","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013991","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013991","article-title":"Future Cardiovascular Disease Risk for Women with Gestational Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Lo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0146-1","article-title":"Sex differences in major depression and comorbidity of cardiometabolic disorders: Impact of prenatal stress and immune exposures","volume":"44","author":"Goldstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-207890","article-title":"Sex differences in the relationship between socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Backholer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024534","article-title":"Ischemia and No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease (INOCA): Developing Evidence-Based Therapies and Research Agenda for the Next Decade","volume":"135","author":"Pepine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031650","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Presentation and Perception of Symptoms among Young Patients with Myocardial Infarction: Evidence from the VIRGO Study (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients)","volume":"137","author":"Lichtman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.109.860494","article-title":"Significantly improved vascular complications among women undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A report from the Northern New England Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Registry","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.09.030","article-title":"The association of sex with outcomes among patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction in the contemporary era: Insights from the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Cardiovascular Consortium (BMC2)","volume":"161","author":"Jackson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d5a48f","article-title":"Sex differences in presentation, severity, and management of stroke in a population-based study","volume":"74","author":"Gall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2020.100870","article-title":"Sex matters in stroke: A review of recent evidence on the differences between women and men","volume":"59","author":"Carcel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocr."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12307","article-title":"Sex, drugs, and heart failure: A sex-sensitive review of the evidence base behind current heart failure clinical guidelines","volume":"5","author":"Levinsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2019.08.005","article-title":"Sex and Gender-Related Issues in Heart Failure","volume":"16","author":"Romiti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.12.016","article-title":"Do Women and Men Respond Similarly to Therapies in Contemporary Heart Failure Clinical Trials?","volume":"7","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310216","article-title":"Gender inequalities in cardiovascular risk factor assessment and management in primary healthcare","volume":"103","author":"Hyun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.032","article-title":"Sex Differences in High-Intensity Statin Use Following Myocardial Infarction in the United States","volume":"71","author":"Peters","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001995","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.001995","article-title":"Trends in Gender Differences in Cardiac Care and Outcome after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Western Sweden: A Report from the Swedish Web System for Enhancement of Evidence-Based Care in Heart Disease Evaluated According to Recommended Therapies (SWEDEHEART)","volume":"4","author":"Redfors","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-311429","article-title":"Sex differences in risk factor management of coronary heart disease across three regions","volume":"103","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315585293","article-title":"Time trends and gender differences in prevention guideline adherence and outcome after myocardial infarction: Data from the SWEDEHEART registry","volume":"23","author":"Hambraeus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.09.004","article-title":"The Impact of Medication Adherence on Coronary Artery Disease Costs and Outcomes: A Systematic Review","volume":"126","author":"Bitton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.2.177","article-title":"Relationship Between Adherence to Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapy and Long-term Mortality after Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"297","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.12.013","article-title":"Adherence to Drugs That Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: Meta-analysis on 376,162 Patients","volume":"125","author":"Naderi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht295","article-title":"Adherence to cardiovascular therapy: A meta-analysis of prevalence and clinical consequences","volume":"34","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e042878","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042878","article-title":"In-hospital myocardial infarction and adherence to evidence-based drug therapies: A real-world evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Soldati","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2010.01242.x","article-title":"Socio-demographic differences in adherence to evidence-based drug therapy after hospital discharge from acute myocardial infarction: A population-based cohort study in Rome, Italy","volume":"37","author":"Kirchmayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2020.06.026","article-title":"Gender Difference in Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Outcomes Following the Survival of Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Hyun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002658","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic and Gender Gaps in the Use of and Adherence to Evidence-Based Preventive Therapies among Elderly Medicare Part D Beneficiaries after Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"129","author":"Lauffenburger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317744363","article-title":"Age and gender differences in medical adherence after myocardial infarction: Women do not receive optimal treatment\u2014The Netherlands claims database","volume":"25","author":"Eindhoven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2009.02.005","article-title":"Combined secondary prevention after hospitalization for myocardial infarction in France: Analysis from a large administrative database","volume":"102","author":"Tuppin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.07.040","article-title":"Optimal medical therapy at discharge in patients with acute coronary syndromes: Temporal changes, characteristics, and 1-year outcome","volume":"154","author":"Yan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-016-0365-2","article-title":"Factors Influencing Non-Persistence with Antiplatelet Medications in Elderly Patients after Ischaemic Stroke","volume":"33","author":"Wawruch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.053","article-title":"The global health and economic burden of hospitalizations for heart failure: Lessons learned from hospitalized heart failure registries","volume":"63","author":"Ambrosy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32520-5","article-title":"Temporal trends and patterns in heart failure incidence: A population-based study of 4 million individuals","volume":"391","author":"Conrad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.08.008","article-title":"Sex-Specific Epidemiology of Heart Failure Risk and Mortality in Europe: Results from the BiomarCaRE Consortium","volume":"7","author":"Magnussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2006.099523","article-title":"Management of patients with heart failure in clinical practice: Differences between men and women","volume":"94","author":"Lenzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22917","article-title":"Sex differences in heart failure","volume":"41","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-014-0786-z","article-title":"Gender aspects in clinical presentation and prognostication of chronic heart failure according to NT-proBNP and the Heart Failure Survival Score","volume":"104","author":"Franke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs026","article-title":"Gender and survival in patients with heart failure: Interactions with diabetes and aetiology. Results from the MAGGIC individual patient meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Doughty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Writing Committee Members, Yancy, C.W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Casey, D.E., Colvin, M.M., Drazner, M.H., Filippatos, G., and Fonarow, G.C. (2016). 2016 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA Focused Update on New Pharmacological Therapy for Heart Failure: An Update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation, 134, e282\u2013e293.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000435"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.4511","article-title":"Association of SGLT2 Inhibitors with Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"McGuire","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"381","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv161","article-title":"Gender differences in the effect of cardiovascular drugs: A position document of the Working Group on Pharmacology and Drug Therapy of the ESC: Figure 1","volume":"36","author":"Rosano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvw042","article-title":"Gender differences in the effects of cardiovascular drugs","volume":"3","author":"Tamargo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.\u2014Cardiovasc. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.566","article-title":"European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry (ESC-HF-LT): 1-year follow-up outcomes and differences across regions","volume":"18","author":"Anker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, C.D., Holmes, G.M., DeWalt, D.A., Erman, B., Wu, J.R., Cene, C.W., Baker, D.W., Schillinger, D., Ruo, B., and Bibbins-Domingo, K. (2014). Self-reported recall and daily diary-recorded measures of weight monitoring adherence: Associations with heart failure-related hospitalization. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-14-12"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2107","article-title":"Association Between Medication Adherence and the Outcomes of Heart Failure","volume":"38","author":"Hood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"423","article-title":"Improving Treatment Adherence in Heart Failure","volume":"113","author":"Unverzagt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dtsch. Aerzteblatt Online"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002606","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002606","article-title":"Medication Adherence Interventions Improve Heart Failure Mortality and Readmission Rates: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials","volume":"5","author":"Ruppar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2017.10.010","article-title":"Adherence to the evidence-based heart failure drug treatment: Are there sex-specific differences among new users?","volume":"14","author":"Kayibanda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.108.813600","article-title":"Changes in adherence to evidence-based medications in the first year after initial hospitalization for heart failure: Observational cohort study from 1994 to 2003","volume":"2","author":"Lamb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0732","article-title":"Medication Adherence among Community-Dwelling Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"86","author":"Dunlay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2007.08.015","article-title":"Utilization of, and Adherence to, Drug Therapy among Medicaid Beneficiaries with Congestive Heart Failure","volume":"29","author":"Bagchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfp142","article-title":"Adherence to medication according to sex and age in the CHARM programme","volume":"11","author":"Granger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/57.2.139","article-title":"Compliance with and dosing of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors before and after hospitalization","volume":"57","author":"Roe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Pharm."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13113","article-title":"Impact of sex differences in co-morbidities and medication adherence on outcome in 25 776 heart failure patients","volume":"8","author":"Limpens","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seid, M.A., Abdela, O.A., and Zeleke, E.G. (2019). Adherence to self-care recommendations and associated factors among adult heart failure patients. From the patients\u2019 point of view. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211768"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515116666439","article-title":"Self-care in rural residents with heart failure: What we are missing","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_197","first-page":"86","article-title":"Medication adherence, self-care behaviour and knowledge on heart failure in urban South Africa: The Heart of Soweto study","volume":"21","author":"Verena","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. Afr."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2012.00308.x","article-title":"Patient-reported selective adherence to heart failure self-care recommendations: A prospective cohort study: The Atlanta Cardiomyopathy Consortium","volume":"19","author":"Marti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Congest. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq091","article-title":"Compliance with non-pharmacological recommendations and outcome in heart failure patients","volume":"31","author":"Veeger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/13\/10\/1087\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:08:03Z","timestamp":1760130483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/13\/10\/1087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"references-count":199,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo13101087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo13101087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]}}}