{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T22:53:57Z","timestamp":1784328837357,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C2103067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C2103067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis (AS) is a metabolic disorder and the pre-stage of several cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and angina pectoris. Early detection of AS can provide the opportunity for effective management and better clinical results, along with the prevention of further progression of the disease. In the current study, an untargeted and targeted metabolomic approach was used to identify possible metabolic signatures that have altered levels in AS patients. A total of 200 serum samples from individuals with AS and normal were analyzed via liquid chromatography\u2013high-resolution mass spectrometry. Univariate and multivariate analysis approaches were used to identify differential metabolites. A group of metabolites associated with bile acids, amino acids, steroid hormones, and purine metabolism were identified that are capable of distinguishing AS-risk sera from normal. Further, the targeted metabolomics approach confirmed that six metabolites, namely taurocholic acid, cholic acid, cortisol, hypoxanthine, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and isoleucine, were found to be significantly upregulated, while the concentrations of glycoursodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, testosterone, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine were found to be significantly downregulated in the AS-risk sera. The receiver operating characteristic curves of three metabolites, including cortisol, hypoxanthine, and isoleucine, showed high sensitivity and specificity. Taken together, these findings suggest cortisol, hypoxanthine, and isoleucine as novel biomarkers for the early and non-invasive detection of AS. Thus, this study provides new insights for further investigations into the prevention and management of AS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13111160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T07:33:18Z","timestamp":1700292798000},"page":"1160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Identification of Novel Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis Using High-Resolution Metabolomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2438-4235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Wasim","family":"Sardar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Omics Research Center, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0591-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeonghun","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Bio Research Center, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 22573, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Omics Research Center, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunil","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Omics Research Center, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngja H.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Omics Research Center, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2022.102283","article-title":"Tackling inflammation in atherosclerosis: Are we there yet and what lies beyond?","volume":"66","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. 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