{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T03:12:06Z","timestamp":1768619526407,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Airborne Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer project within the program ERA-NET: Transscan-2, Joint Translational Call for Proposals 20216 on: \u201cminimally and non-invasive methods for early detection and\/or progression of cancer\u201d, transscan-067, KE","award":["ERA-NET TRANSSCAN\/02.2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-NET TRANSSCAN\/02.2018"]}]},{"name":"European Commission under the EU framework Horizon2020","award":["ERA-NET TRANSSCAN\/02.2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-NET TRANSSCAN\/02.2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Up to 5% of inflammatory bowel disease patients may at some point develop primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). PSC is a rare liver disease that ultimately results in liver damage, cirrhosis and liver failure. It typically remains subclinical until irreversible damage has been inflicted. Hence, it is crucial to screen IBD patients for PSC, but its early detection is challenging, and the disease\u2019s etiology is not well understood. This current study aimed at the early detection of PSC in an IBD population using Volatile Organic Compounds in fecal headspace and exhaled breath. To this aim, fecal material and exhaled breath were collected from 73 patients (n = 16 PSC\/IBD; n = 8 PSC; n = 49 IBD), and their volatile profile were analyzed using Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry. Using the most discriminatory features, PSC detection resulted in areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of 0.83 and 0.84 based on fecal headspace and exhaled breath, respectively. Upon data fusion, the predictive performance increased to AUC 0.92. The observed features in the fecal headspace relate to detrimental microbial dysbiosis and exogenous exposure. Future research should aim for the early detection of PSC in a prospective study design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14010023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T03:28:41Z","timestamp":1703820521000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Detection of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Using Volatile Metabolites in Fecal Headspace and Exhaled Breath"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1953-0207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"van Vorstenbosch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"van Munster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Pachen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Mommers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2433-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Stavropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederik-Jan","family":"van Schooten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-0453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyriel","family":"Ponsioen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Smolinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.022","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"67","author":"Karlsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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