{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T12:02:22Z","timestamp":1784894542383,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["NRF-5199990614253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-5199990614253"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["RS-2023-00266554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00266554"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE, Korea)","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE, Korea)","award":["NRF-5199990614253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-5199990614253"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE, Korea)","award":["RS-2023-00266554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00266554"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["NRF-5199990614253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-5199990614253"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["RS-2023-00266554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00266554"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project","award":["NRF-5199990614253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-5199990614253"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project","award":["RS-2023-00266554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00266554"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-5199990614253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-5199990614253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00266554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00266554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dysbiotic vaginal microbiota (DVM) disturb the vaginal environment, including pH, metabolite, protein, and cytokine profiles. This study investigated the impact of DVM on the vaginal environment in 40 Korean pregnant women and identified predictable biomarkers of birth outcomes. Cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) samples were collected in the third trimester using vaginal swabs, examined for pH, and stored at \u221280 \u00b0C for further analysis. The samples were grouped as full-term (FTB, n = 20) and preterm (PTB, n = 20) births. The microbiota was profiled in the V1\u2013V9 regions. The levels of targeted metabolites, TLR-4, and cytokines were determined. The pH of CVF from PTB (&gt;4.5) was significantly higher than that of the CVF from FTB (&gt;3.5) (p &lt; 0.05). Neonatal gestational age at delivery, birth weight, and Apgar score differed significantly between groups. The relative abundances of beneficial Lactobacillus spp., such as Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus jensenii, and Bifidobacterium, were higher in FTB, whereas those of pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus, Prevotella, Ureaplasma parvum, and Corynebacterium spp. were higher in PTB. Acetate, methanol, TLR-4, and TNF-\u03b1 levels were negatively correlated with gestational age at delivery and birth weight. Moreover, ethanol, methanol, TLR-4, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1 levels were positively correlated with succinate, acetate, acetoacetate, formate, and ammonia. Overall, DVM induces preterm birth via pathogenic molecules in the vagina.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14010045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T03:21:41Z","timestamp":1704943301000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Dysbiotic Vaginal Microbiota Induces Preterm Birth Cascade via Pathogenic Molecules in the Vagina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"AbuZar","family":"Ansari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Ah","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gain","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8142-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun Wha","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6541-8385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Min","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3153-3008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00878-4","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: A systematic analysis","volume":"402","author":"Ohuma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13115","article-title":"The vaginal microbiome, vaginal anti-microbial defence mechanisms and the clinical challenge of reducing infection-related preterm birth","volume":"122","author":"Witkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG Int. 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