{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:57:19Z","timestamp":1792022239602,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research of Vojvodina","award":["142-451-3035\/2023-01\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["142-451-3035\/2023-01\/01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to determine whether heat stress affected the values and correlations of metabolic, endocrinological, and inflammatory parameters as well as the rectal and body surface temperature of cows in the early and middle stages of lactation. This experiment was conducted in May (thermoneutral period), June (mild heat stress), and July (moderate to severe heat stress). In each period we included 15 cows in early lactation and 15 in mid-lactation. The increase in rectal and body surface temperatures (\u00b0C) in moderate to severe heat stress compared to the thermoneutral period in different regions was significant (p &lt; 0.01) and the results are presented as mean and [95%CI]: rectal + 0.9 [0.81\u20131.02], eye + 6 [5.74\u20136.25], ear + 13 [11.9\u201314.0], nose + 3.5 [3.22\u20133.71], forehead + 6.6 [6.43\u20136.75], whole head + 7.5 [7.36\u20137.68], abdomen + 8.5 [8.25\u20138.77], udder + 7.5 [7.38\u20137.65], front limb + 6 [5.89\u20136.12], hind limb + 3.6 [3.46\u20133.72], and whole body + 9 [8.80\u20139.21]. During heat stress (in both mild and moderate to severe stress compared to a thermoneutral period), an increase in the values of extracellular heat shock protein 70 (eHsp70), tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1), cortisol (CORT), insulin (INS), revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI), urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, aspartate transpaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatin kinase (CK) occurred, as well as a decrease in the values of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose (GLU), \u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB), calcium, phosphorus, total protein (TPROT), albumin (ALB), triglycerides (TGCs), and cholesterol (CHOL). In cows in early lactation compared to cows in mid-lactation, there was a significantly larger increase (p &lt; 0.01) in the values of eHsp70, TNF\u03b1, GLU, RQUICKI, and GGT, while the INS increase was smaller during the three experimental periods. The decrease in the values of Ca, CHOL, and TGC was more pronounced in cows in early lactation compared to cows in mid-lactation during the three experimental periods. Rectal temperature was related to eHsp70 (r = 0.38, p &lt; 0.001) and TNF\u03b1 (r = 0.36, p &lt; 0.01) and showed non-significant poor correlations with other blood parameters. Blood parameters correlate with body surface temperature, with the following most common results: eHsp70 and TNF\u03b1 showed a moderately to strongly significant positive correlation (r = 0.79\u20130.96, p &lt; 0.001); CORT, INS, and Creat showed fairly to moderately significant positive correlations; T3, T4, NEFA and GLU showed fairly to moderately significant negative correlations (r = 0.3\u20130.79; p &lt; 0.01); RQUICKI, urea, AST, and GGT showed fairly and significantly positive correlations; and TGC, CHOL, TPROT, and ALB showed fairly and significantly negative correlations (r = 0.3\u20130.59; p &lt; 0.01). Measuring the surface temperature of the whole body or head can be a useful tool in evaluating the metabolic response of cows because it has demonstrated an association with inflammation (TNF\u03b1, eHsp70), endocrine response (CORT, T3, T4), the increased use of glucose and decreased use of lipids for energy purposes (INS, NEFA, GLU, and RQUICKI), and protein catabolism (ALB, TPROT, urea, Creat), which underlies thermolysis and thermogenesis in cows under heat stress. In future research, it is necessary to examine the causality between body surface area and metabolic parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14020104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T09:24:08Z","timestamp":1706865848000},"page":"104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Influence of Heat Stress on Body Surface Temperature and Blood Metabolic, Endocrine, and Inflammatory Parameters and Their Correlation in Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bojan","family":"Blond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Square Dositeja Obradovi\u0107a 7, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira","family":"Majki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Square Dositeja Obradovi\u0107a 7, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovan","family":"Spasojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Square Dositeja Obradovi\u0107a 7, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1719-9971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slav\u010da","family":"Hristov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Zemun, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miodrag","family":"Radinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Square Dositeja Obradovi\u0107a 7, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Nikoli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Square Dositeja Obradovi\u0107a 7, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljiljana","family":"An\u0111u\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Pri\u0161tina in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kopaoni\u010dka bb, 38219 Le\u0161ak, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9063-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandar","family":"\u010cuki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Pri\u0161tina in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kopaoni\u010dka bb, 38219 Le\u0161ak, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Do\u0161enovi\u0107 Marinkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Applied Studies \u0160abac, Dobropoljska 5, 15000 \u0160abac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biljana Deli\u0107","family":"Vujanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Applied Studies \u0160abac, Dobropoljska 5, 15000 \u0160abac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nemanja","family":"Obradovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Cincovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Square Dositeja Obradovi\u0107a 7, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5937\/AASer1744133C","article-title":"Thermal comfort of cows and temperature humidity index in period of 2005\u20132016 in Vojvodina region (Serbia)","volume":"22","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Agric. 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