{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:47:36Z","timestamp":1760143656995,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases","award":["#294897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#294897"]}]},{"name":"University of Turku","award":["#294897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#294897"]}]},{"name":"Turku University Hospital","award":["#294897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#294897"]}]},{"name":"\u00c5bo Akademi University","award":["#294897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#294897"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Fundation","award":["#294897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#294897"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["#294897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#294897"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Diabetes Foundation","award":["#294897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#294897"]}]},{"name":"Sigrid Juselius Foundation","award":["#294897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#294897"]}]},{"name":"The Gyllenberg Stiftelse","award":["#294897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#294897"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate positron emission tomography (PET) data quantification relies on high-quality input plasma curves, but venous blood sampling may yield poor-quality data, jeopardizing modeling outcomes. In this study, we aimed to recover sub-optimal input functions by using information from the tail (5th\u2013100th min) of curves obtained through the frequent sampling protocol and an input recovery (IR) model trained with reference curves of optimal shape. Initially, we included 170 plasma input curves from eight published studies with clamp [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET exams. Model validation involved 78 brain PET studies for which compartmental model (CM) analysis was feasible (reference (ref) + training sets). Recovered curves were compared with original curves using area under curve (AUC), max peak standardized uptake value (maxSUV). CM parameters (ref + training sets) and fractional uptake rate (FUR) (all sets) were computed. Original and recovered curves from the ref set had comparable AUC (d = 0.02, not significant (NS)), maxSUV (d = 0.05, NS) and comparable brain CM results (NS). Recovered curves from the training set were different from the original according to maxSUV (d = 3) and biologically plausible according to the max theoretical K1 (53\/\/56). Brain CM results were different in the training set (p &lt; 0.05 for all CM parameters and brain regions) but not in the ref set. FUR showed reductions similarly in the recovered curves of the training and test sets compared to the original curves (p &lt; 0.05 for all regions for both sets). The IR method successfully recovered the plasma inputs of poor quality, rescuing cases otherwise excluded from the kinetic modeling results. The validation approach proved useful and can be applied to different tracers and metabolic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14020114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T09:00:02Z","timestamp":1707382802000},"page":"114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Kinetic Modeling of Brain [18-F]FDG Positron Emission Tomography Time Activity Curves with Input Function Recovery (IR) Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5206-8651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Bucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Turku PET Centre, \u00c5bo Akademi University, 20521 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska University, SE-141 84 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Rebelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1947-0219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesa","family":"Oikonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Rinne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauri","family":"Nummenmaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Iozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9597-338X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pirjo","family":"Nuutila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13728","article-title":"European Association of Nuclear Medicine and European Academy of Neurology recommendations for the use of brain 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in neurodegenerative cognitive impairment and dementia: Delphi consensus","volume":"25","author":"Nobili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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