{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T00:26:49Z","timestamp":1793752009959,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gallbladder disorders encompass a spectrum from congenital anomalies to inflammatory and neoplastic conditions, frequently requiring surgical intervention. Epithelial abnormalities like adenoma and metaplasia have the potential to progress to carcinoma, emphasizing the importance of histopathological assessment for early detection of malignancy. Gallbladder cancer (GBC) may be incidentally discovered during cholecystectomy for presumed benign conditions, underscoring the need for a thorough examination. However, the lack of clarity regarding the molecular mechanisms of GBC has impeded diagnostic and therapeutic advancements. Timely detection is crucial due to GBC\u2019s aggressive nature and poor prognosis. Chronic inflammation plays a central role in carcinogenesis, causing DNA damage and oncogenic alterations due to persistent insults. Inflammatory cytokines and microRNAs are among the various mediators contributing to this process. Gallbladder calcifications, particularly stippled ones, may signal malignancy and warrant preemptive removal. Molecular pathways involving mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes drive GBC pathogenesis, with proposed sequences such as gallstone-induced inflammation leading to carcinoma formation. Understanding these mechanisms, alongside evaluating mucin characteristics and gene mutations, can deepen comprehension of GBC\u2019s pathophysiology. This, in turn, facilitates the identification of high-risk individuals and the development of improved treatment strategies, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes. Thus, in this review, our aim has been to underscore the primary mechanisms underlying the development of gallbladder dysplasia and neoplasia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14050273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T12:27:11Z","timestamp":1715171231000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Environmental and Metabolic Risk Factors Linked to Gallbladder Dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andrei","family":"Bojan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalin","family":"Pricop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9240-2175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Ciocoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Vladeanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Bararu Bojan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7050-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana Viola","family":"Badulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8942-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minerva Codruta","family":"Badescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Elena","family":"Plesoianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan Iliescu","family":"Halitchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana Georgeta","family":"Foia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. 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