{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:01:36Z","timestamp":1790089296306,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["273252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["273252"]}]},{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["NNF23OC0082123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF23OC0082123"]}]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden Excellence Emerging Grant in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2023","award":["273252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["273252"]}]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden Excellence Emerging Grant in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2023","award":["NNF23OC0082123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF23OC0082123"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>South Asians (SAs) have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) than white Europeans, especially following gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Despite similar blood glucose levels post-GDM, SAs exhibit more insulin resistance (IR) than Nordics, though the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to assess markers of adipose tissue (AT) IR and liver fat in SA and Nordic women post-GDM. A total of 179 SA and 108 Nordic women in Norway underwent oral glucose tolerance tests 1\u20133 years post-GDM. We measured metabolic markers and calculated the AT IR index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease liver fat (NAFLD-LFS) scores. Results showed that normoglycaemic SAs had less non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) suppression during the test, resembling prediabetes\/T2D responses, and higher levels of plasma fetuin-A, CRP, and IL-6 but lower adiponectin, indicating AT inflammation. Furthermore, normoglycaemic SAs had higher NAFLD-LFS scores, lower insulin clearance, and higher peripheral insulin than Nordics, indicating increased AT IR, inflammation, and liver fat in SAs. Higher liver fat markers significantly contributed to the ethnic disparities in glucose metabolism, suggesting a key area for intervention to reduce T2D risk post-GDM in SAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14050288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T06:31:58Z","timestamp":1716186718000},"page":"288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance in South Asian and Nordic Women after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ahalya Anita Suntharalingam","family":"Kvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Qvigstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanne L\u00f8vdal","family":"Gulseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stina Therese","family":"Sollid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Health Trust, 3004 Drammen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Nermoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4779-2303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tone M\u00f8ller","family":"Tann\u00e6s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiGen, Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e5re Inge","family":"Birkeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0670-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sindre","family":"Lee-\u00d8deg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05132-5","article-title":"Why are South Asians prone to type 2 diabetes? 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