{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T11:08:41Z","timestamp":1778411321875,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper &amp; J.R.I. Wood is widely distributed throughout Africa. It is used ethnobotanically to treat various diseases. However, the metabolic profile of the Breonadia species is not well characterized and the metabolites that are responsible for the bioactivity of this plant remain unknown. Therefore, there is a need to determine the phytochemical and bioactivity profile to identify metabolites that contribute to the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferation activity, including the genotoxicity and cytotoxic effects, of Breonadia salicina. The study is aimed at exploring the metabolomic profile antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferation activity, as well as the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity effects, of constituents of B. salicina. The compounds in the B. salicina extract were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS), and the resultant data were further analyzed using a molecular networking approach. The crude stem bark and root extracts showed the highest antidiabetic activity against \u03b1-amylase at the lowest test concentration of 62.5 \u00b5g\/mL, with 74.53 \u00b1 0.74% and 79.1 \u00b1 1.5% inhibition, respectively. However, the crude stem bark and root extracts showed the highest antidiabetic activity against \u03b1-glucosidase at the lowest test concentration of 31.3 \u00b5g\/mL, with 98.20 \u00b1 0.15% and 97.98 \u00b1 0.22% inhibition, respectively. The crude methanol leaf extract showed a decrease in the nitrite concentration at the highest concentration of 200 \u00b5g\/mL, with cell viability of 90.34 \u00b1 2.21%, thus showing anti-inflammatory activity. No samples showed significant cytotoxic effects at a concentration of 10 \u00b5g\/mL against HeLa cells. Furthermore, a molecular network of Breonadia species using UPLC-QTOF-MS with negative mode electrospray ionization showed the presence of organic oxygen compounds, lipids, benzenoids, phenylpropanoids and polyketides. These compound classes were differentially distributed in the three different plant parts, indicating the chemical differences between the stem bark, root and leaf extracts of B. salicina. Therefore, the identified compounds may contribute to the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity of Breonadia salicina. The stem bark, root and leaf extracts of B. salicina yielded thirteen compounds identified for the first time in this plant, offering a promising avenue for the discovery of new lead drugs for the treatment of diabetes and inflammation. The use of molecular networking produced a detailed phytochemical overview of this Breonadia species. The results reported in this study show the importance of searching for bioactive compounds from Breonadia salicina and provide new insights into the phytochemical characterization and bioactivity of different plant parts of Breonadia salicina.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14060291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T05:40:47Z","timestamp":1716270047000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular Networking-Based Metabolome, In Vitro Antidiabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper &amp; J.R.I. Wood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9957-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorcas","family":"Tlhapi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7868-3540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaiah","family":"Ramaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinedu","family":"Anokwuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0126-6797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teunis","family":"van Ree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-014-0109-4","article-title":"Assessment of genetic diversity in the endangered populations of Breonadia salicina (Rubiaceae) growing in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using inter-simple sequence repeat markers","volume":"15","author":"Gaafar","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"177","article-title":"A revision of the tribe Cephalantheae (Rubiaceae)","volume":"23","author":"Ridsdale","year":"1976","journal-title":"Blumea Biodivers. 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