{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T11:26:04Z","timestamp":1788607564356,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG3N0341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3N0341"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG3N0351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3N0351"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Huntington\u2019s disease (HD) is characterized by progressive involuntary chorea movements and cognitive decline. Recent research indicates that metabolic disturbance may play a role in its pathogenesis. Bile acids, produced during cholesterol metabolism in the liver, have been linked to neurodegenerative conditions. This study investigated variations in plasma bile acid profiles among individuals with HD. Plasma levels of 16 primary and secondary bile acids and their conjugates were analyzed in 20 healthy controls and 33 HD patients, including 24 with symptoms (symHD) and 9 carriers in the presymptomatic stage (preHD). HD patients exhibited significantly higher levels of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) compared to healthy controls. Conversely, isolithocholic acid levels were notably lower in the HD group. Neurotoxic bile acids (glycocholic acid (GCA) + glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) + GCDCA) were elevated in symHD patients, while levels of neuroprotective bile acids (ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) + GUDCA + tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA)) were higher in preHD carriers, indicating a compensatory response to early neuronal damage. These results underscore the importance of changes in plasma bile acid profiles in HD and their potential involvement in disease mechanisms. The identified bile acids (GCDCA, GUDCA, and isolithocholic acid) could potentially serve as markers to distinguish between HD stages and healthy individuals. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to fully understand the clinical implications of these findings and their potential as diagnostic or therapeutic tools for HD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14070394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T14:45:53Z","timestamp":1721659553000},"page":"394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Diagnostic Potential of Alternations of Bile Acid Profiles in the Plasma of Patients with Huntington\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ping-I","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4972-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Hsuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2536-6370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiang-Yu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yih-Ru","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2006-133X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei-Ling","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan-333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0769-0353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiung-Mei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90585-E","article-title":"A Novel Gene Containing a Trinucleotide Repeat That Is Expanded and Unstable on Huntington\u2019s Disease Chromosomes","volume":"72","author":"Macdonald","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199405193302001","article-title":"A Worldwide Study of the Huntington\u2019s Disease Mutation. The Sensitivity and Specificity of Measuring CAG Repeats","volume":"330","author":"Kremer","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2007.03.004","article-title":"Transcriptional Signatures in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"83","author":"Cha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"135","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Metabolic Deficits, and Increased Oxidative Stress in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chang. Gung Med. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858405280639","article-title":"The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Valera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5334.1990","article-title":"Aggregation of Huntingtin in Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusions and Dystrophic Neurites in Brain","volume":"277","author":"DiFiglia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.-C., Wu, Y.-R., Tseng, M.-Y., Chen, Y.-C., Hsieh, S.-Y., and Chen, C.-M. (2011). Increased Prothrombin, Apolipoprotein A-IV, and Haptoglobin in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Huntington\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015809"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mochel, F., Charles, P., Seguin, F., Barritault, J., Coussieu, C., Perin, L., Le Bouc, Y., Gervais, C., Carcelain, G., and Vassault, A. (2007). Early Energy Deficit in Huntington Disease: Identification of a Plasma Biomarker Traceable during Disease Progression. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000647"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl027","article-title":"Huntington Disease Patients and Transgenic Mice Have Similar Pro-Catabolic Serum Metabolite Profiles","volume":"129","author":"Underwood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.12.001","article-title":"Metabolic Disturbances in Plasma as Biomarkers for Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77526-9","article-title":"Cross-Sectional Analysis of Plasma and CSF Metabolomic Markers in Huntington\u2019s Disease for Participants of Varying Functional Disability: A Pilot Study","volume":"10","author":"McGarry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, A., Lalonde, K., Truesdell, A., Gomes Welter, P., Brocardo, P.S., Rosenstock, T.R., and Gil-Mohapel, J. (2021). New Avenues for the Treatment of Huntington\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168363"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601049","article-title":"Endocrine Functions of Bile Acids","volume":"25","author":"Houten","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.03.013","article-title":"Pleiotropic Roles of Bile Acids in Metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Tarling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712","article-title":"The Enzymes, Regulation, and Genetics of Bile Acid Synthesis","volume":"72","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"37004","article-title":"From Brain to Bile. Evidence That Conjugation and Omega-Hydroxylation Are Important for Elimination of 24S-Hydroxycholesterol (Cerebrosterol) in Humans","volume":"276","author":"Bjorkhem","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/27.11.1341","article-title":"Microbial Bile Acid Transformation","volume":"27","author":"Midtvedt","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-7568-6","article-title":"Bile Acids: Chemistry, Pathochemistry, Biology, Pathobiology, and Therapeutics","volume":"65","author":"Hofmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mertens, K.L., Kalsbeek, A., Soeters, M.R., and Eggink, H.M. (2017). Bile Acid Signaling Pathways from the Enterohepatic Circulation to the Central Nervous System. Front. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00617"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ackerman, H.D., and Gerhard, G.S. (2016). Bile Acids in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front. Aging Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00263"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108311","article-title":"V Bile Acids and Neurological Disease","volume":"240","author":"Hurley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.217","article-title":"Altered Bile Acid Profile Associates with Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-An Emerging Role for Gut Microbiome","volume":"15","author":"MahmoudianDehkordi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, K., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Gao, Y., Qiu, Y., Gan, R., Zhang, Y., and Wang, L. (2022). Distinct Bile Acid Signature in Parkinson\u2019s Disease With Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.897867"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2015.11.012","article-title":"Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease: Linking the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Environmental Factors in the Pathogenesis of Systemic and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"158","author":"Ghaisas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm15146","article-title":"Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases","volume":"22","author":"Yarandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.06.008","article-title":"The Microbiome as a Modifier of Neurodegenerative Disease Risk","volume":"28","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e143775","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI143775","article-title":"Neurodegenerative Disorders and Gut-Brain Interactions","volume":"131","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn212","article-title":"Plasma 24S-Hydroxycholesterol and Caudate MRI in Pre-Manifest and Early Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"131","author":"Leoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, K.-H., Cheng, M.-L., Lo, C.-J., Fan, C.-M., Wu, Y.-R., and Chen, C.-M. (2023). Alternations of Lipoprotein Profiles in the Plasma as Biomarkers of Huntington\u2019s Disease. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12030385"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1996). Unified Huntington\u2019s Disease Rating Scale: Reliability and Consistency. Huntington Study Group. Mov. Disord., 11, 136\u2013142.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110204"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13148","article-title":"Disease Onset in Huntington\u2019s Disease: When Is the Conversion?","volume":"8","author":"Oosterloo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moffitt, H., McPhail, G.D., Woodman, B., Hobbs, C., and Bates, G.P. (2009). Formation of Polyglutamine Inclusions in a Wide Range of Non-CNS Tissues in the HdhQ150 Knock-in Mouse Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008025"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCourt, A.C., O\u2019Donovan, K.L., Ekblad, E., Sand, E., Craufurd, D., Rosser, A., Sanders, D., Stoy, N., Rickards, H., and Wierup, N. (2015). Characterization of Gastric Mucosa Biopsies Reveals Alterations in Huntington\u2019s Disease. PLoS Curr., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.hd.858b4cc7f235df068387e9c20c436a79"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaa110","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa110","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis in Huntington\u2019s Disease: Associations among Gut Microbiota, Cognitive Performance and Clinical Outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Wasser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75229-9","article-title":"Increased Intestinal Permeability and Gut Dysbiosis in the R6\/2 Mouse Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"10","author":"Stan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz298","article-title":"Mutant Huntingtin Interacts with the Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Proteins and Impairs Their Nuclear Import","volume":"29","author":"Monyror","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.03.025","article-title":"Whole Body Cholesterol Metabolism Is Impaired in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"494","author":"Leoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202302098","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202302098","article-title":"Huntingtin Loss in Hepatocytes Is Associated with Altered Metabolism, Adhesion, and Liver Zonation","volume":"6","author":"Bragg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e3181c47569","article-title":"Safety, Tolerability, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Penetration of Ursodeoxycholic Acid in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Parry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"598603","article-title":"Deoxycholic Acid as a Modifier of the Permeation of Gliclazide through the Blood Brain Barrier of a Rat","volume":"2013","author":"Mikov","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.01.159","article-title":"Bile Acids Permeabilize the Blood Brain Barrier after Bile Duct Ligation in Rats via Rac1-Dependent Mechanisms","volume":"46","author":"Quinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmela, I., Correia, L., Silva, R.F.M., Sasaki, H., Kim, K.S., Brites, D., and Brito, M.A. (2015). Hydrophilic Bile Acids Protect Human Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells from Disruption by Unconjugated Bilirubin: An in Vitro Study. Front. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00080"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2017.07.001","article-title":"Unconjugated Bile Acids in Rat Brain: Analytical Method Based on LC\/ESI-MS\/MS with Chemical Derivatization and Estimation of Their Origin by Comparison to Serum Levels","volume":"125","author":"Higashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.10.1673","article-title":"Transport of Bile Acids in Hepatic and Non-Hepatic Tissues","volume":"204","author":"Hagenbuch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanafi, N.I., Mohamed, A.S., Sheikh Abdul Kadir, S.H., and Othman, M.H.D. (2018). Overview of Bile Acids Signaling and Perspective on the Signal of Ursodeoxycholic Acid, the Most Hydrophilic Bile Acid, in the Heart. Biomolecules, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8040159"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-022-00307-z","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid: A Potential Therapeutic Tool in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Khalaf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.09.003","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid (TUDCA) Supplementation Prevents Cognitive Impairment and Amyloid Deposition in APP\/PS1 Mice","volume":"50","author":"Lo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2018.08.019","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic Acid Improves Mitochondrial Function and Redistributes Drp1 in Fibroblasts from Patients with Either Sporadic or Familial Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"430","author":"Bell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8295-4","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Prevents MPTP-Induced Dopaminergic Cell Death in a Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"46","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1062-4","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Improves Motor Symptoms in a Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"55","author":"Rosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.06.004","article-title":"Novel Insights into the Antioxidant Role of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid in Experimental Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"1863","author":"Rosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazzari, F.H., Abdallah, D.M., and El-Abhar, H.S. (2019). Chenodeoxycholic Acid Ameliorates AlCl3-Induced Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neurotoxicity and Cognitive Deterioration via Enhanced Insulin Signaling in Rats. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101992"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2001.7755","article-title":"A Bile Acid Protects against Motor and Cognitive Deficits and Reduces Striatal Degeneration in the 3-Nitropropionic Acid Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"171","author":"Keene","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0752368.x","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Partially Prevents Apoptosis Induced by 3-Nitropropionic Acid: Evidence for a Mitochondrial Pathway Independent of the Permeability Transition","volume":"75","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10671","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162362299","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid, a Bile Acid, Is Neuroprotective in a Transgenic Animal Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"99","author":"Keene","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)32188-X","article-title":"Cholesterol Homeostasis in Human Brain: Turnover of 24S-Hydroxycholesterol and Evidence for a Cerebral Origin of Most of This Oxysterol in the Circulation","volume":"39","author":"Diczfalusy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)32337-3","article-title":"Evidence That the Major Oxysterols in Human Circulation Originate from Distinct Pools of Cholesterol: A Stable Isotope Study","volume":"42","author":"Meaney","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-1981(00)00070-6","article-title":"Formation of Oxysterols from Different Pools of Cholesterol as Studied by Stable Isotope Technique: Cerebral Origin of Most Circulating 24S-Hydroxycholesterol in Rats, but Not in Mice","volume":"1486","author":"Meaney","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-43053","article-title":"24S-Hydroxycholesterol: A Marker of Brain Cholesterol Metabolism","volume":"36","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.09.025","article-title":"24S-Hydroxycholesterol in Plasma: A Marker of Cholesterol Turnover in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"95","author":"Leoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G551","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00468.2002","article-title":"Bile Acid Regulation of Hepatic Physiology: III. Regulation of Bile Acid Synthesis: Past Progress and Future Challenges","volume":"284","author":"Fuchs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03832-5","article-title":"Novel Bile Acid Biosynthetic Pathways Are Enriched in the Microbiome of Centenarians","volume":"599","author":"Sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/14\/7\/394\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:20:21Z","timestamp":1760109621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/14\/7\/394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo14070394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo14070394","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]}}}